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LeTS START IT FROM THE LARGEST PASHTUN TRIBE IN PASHTUNKHWA KHATAK,Discuss the origin and history
Khattak
A Khattak Elderly man, chieftain. (speen geeray)
A Khattak Warrior with a classical old rifle.
Khattak or Khatak (Pashto: خټک [xaˈʈak], Urdu: خٹک), is the name of a Afghan tribe. The tribe's territory is located in the Khyber Pukhtoonkhwa province of Pakistan. The tribe is settled along the western bank of the river Indus from as north upwards as Sammah; modern day Lund Khwar & Sher Garh near Malakand to South through the district of Karak, a stretch of territory more than 200 miles long. Their historic capital is Akora Khattak, a town 50 kilometres (31 miles) east of the provincial capital, Peshawar.
Karlani Afghan Tribes Genealogy & Family Tree.
Flag of the Afghan Tribe, The Khattak. Made from historical references related to Malik Shehbaz Khan, Khushal Khan Khattak and the Khattak Tribe in general. It shows the famous Eagle of Khushal Khan, the sword of the Khattak Attan Dance, and the book; Khattaks are known as the scholars of the Afghans.
[edit] Origin
According to Nimatullah's 1620 work History of The Afghans, Khattaks are amongst the oldest of the Afghan tribes.[1] Their history has been closely knit with that of the Yusufzai Tribe from their first settlement around the mountains of Ghor and Ghazni [1] to present day East-Central and North-Eastern Pukhtunkhwa Province of Pakistan.
Herodotus, Book 3, 91.[2] (In this and the two succeeding passages the historian is giving a list of the Achaemenian satrapies and their peoples.)
The addition of the Aparutai/Aparidai correspondence helps to buttress the case for finding in Herodotus traces of names which carry through to the present day. Bellew has gone further and identified the Sattagudai with the famous Khatak tribe. "The Pathans 55O B.C.-A.D. 1957" printed St Martin's Press 1958 by MacMillan and Company Limited"[4]
Historians consider them to be the Tribe of Gad,[5] (Gen 30:3-11, Gen 35:26; 46:16-18; Ex 1:4; I Chr 2:2, Isaiah 65:11),[5] the word meaning to separate out or to "stand out". The Modern day word Khattak the morphed form of the original however means a small hill that "stands out".[6] The Tribe of Gad is among theTen Lost Tribes that was taken by Assyrians and settled in the mountains of Ghor and Ghazni.(page 37 The History of the Afghans by Burnhard Dorn)[7]
Gad (Hebrew; to stand out, also Luck and Soldier) > Gadak (of Gad) also Satta+Gaddayee or Sattagudai (Herodotus) > Khadak (Kha in the old dialect of Pukhto (not Pushto) for the G of Hebrew) > Khattak (a hill that stands out).
This is also strongly echoed and verified in the words of Herodotus during the 5th century BC [2] by the fact that of the Nations he mentions were "the Sattagyddae", the Gaddae being the morphed form of the original Gad.
Khattaks & Shetaks as the Sattagudai
Sir Olaf Caroe, The Pathans 550BC 1957AD:[4]
"Let us now refer to the third passage cited, in which Herodotus, without assigning a name to the satrapy, tells us that Darius' ythSatrapy was inhabited by four tribes, the Sattagudai, the Gandarioi, the Dadikai, and the Aparutai.
Bellew has gone further and identified the Sattagudai with the famous Khatak tribe, and the Dadikai with an obscure branch of Kakars whom he calls Dadi."
Khattaks and Shetaks ;origins
Sir Olaf Caroe, The Pathans 550BC 1957AD:[4]
"Neither Khataks nor ****aks appear by name until the period of publication of genealogies under the Mughals, and the time of Akbar's dealings with the Khataks for the protection of the highway to Peshawar. Babur indeed in his memoirs mentions the Karranis (Karlanris) whom he encountered in 1505 around Bannu along with the Niazis and Isakhel. It is probable that this reference of his is to Khataks or ****aks, or both, for both are Karlanri tribes, and the other Karlanris who live in that area, Wazirs and Bangash, Babur mentions by name when he comes to them."It is thus clear that Babur & other Mughals in their descriptions identify Khattaks & Shetaks together without any differentiation.
[edit] The unique place of Khattaks/Shetaks in Afghan History
Sir Olaf Caroe, The Pathans 550BC 1957AD:[4]
"Taken together, the Khataks and the ****aks, who now have a common boundary close to Bannu, cover a stretch of territory as large as that held by any Afghan or Pathan tribe, whether Ghilzai, Yusufzai or Durrani. From the Khatak settlements around Lundkhwar, close to the Malakand Pass, to the ****ak villages in Upper Daur in the Tochi, the distance is over 200 miles. The wide extent of their present territory, their large population, and the association of both groups of tribes at one time or another with the rich oases of Bannu and the Tochi, suggest sufficiently their importance in this family of peoples."[edit] Theory of Khattak Descent from the Greeks
After the creation of Pakistan, some Pakistani scholars, suggested a Greek descent for the Khattaks. However from the Histories of Herodotus, Herodotus, Book 3, 91.,[2] it is clear that a tribe by the name of SattaGydae (or Sattagudai) were already settled in the area around current day Ghor in Afghanistan and paid as tribute coinage and materials to the Greeks when they subjugated these areas:
"The Sattagudai and the Gandarioi and the Dadikai and the Aparutai, who were all reckoned together paid 170 talents."
Later Bellew, Caroe and other historians both Afghan and Western through their works identified the Sattagudai with the famous Khatak & ****ak tribes. "The Pathans 55O B.C.-A.D. 1957" printed St Martin's Press 1958 by MacMillan and Company Limited"[4]
Though all Afghan DNA[8] including Khattak DNA has minor contributions from haplogroups more common to the Greeks,[9] these are minor enough to rule out a direct lineage. Together with works from Herodotus and more recent historians, the theory of Khattak descent from the Greeks is unfounded.[10][11]
[edit] Afridis & Khattak blood throughout the ages
Sir Olaf Caroe, The Pathans 550BC 1957AD:[4]
"The Afridis and Khataks lumped together as Karlanris, can be held to reflect a knowledge that they represented a more aboriginal stock, which only later absorbed the characteristics of the invaders. In other words, it is not surprising that in looking for a prototype in the oldest recorded history bearing on this region we hit on the ancestor of the Pakhtun."Though Afghan DNA has minor contributions from Greeks, Turks, Arabs & Persians, this represents the inter marriages (albeit in minor proportions) between local Afghan Tribes and foreign invaders throughout the ages. This is the basis for some of the Theories though in error of Afghan descent from these peoples.
[edit] Afghan molding and amalgamation through the ages
Sir Olaf Caroe, The Pathans 550BC 1957AD:[4]
"This is not to assert that the ethnic or linguistic stock can be traced through to tribes of similar names today. The case would be rather that these were sub-stratum agglomerations of people who, through contact with later-comers, modified their language and were assimilated to later cultures, but retained in the more inaccessible places sufficient of their older inspirations to boast their original names. The theory does at least give a starting-point to Pathan history & the stock belief in the Bani Israel."
Migration of the Khattak & Shetak Tribe through the ages.
[edit] Eastern Migration from Afghanistan
Earliest records show their migration from Ghazni, Ghor and Loghar and Qandahar to Zhob. Afterwards to Bannu, then northwards towards modern day Kohat, Karak, Nowshera, attock, Mianwali and finally Mardan and Malakand. .[12] A warrior poet by the name of Khushal Khan Khattak (1613–1690) was once the chief of this tribe, and his contributions to Pushto literature are considered as classic texts .[13] His life and times are one of the most chronicled and discussed subjects in Pashtun history, as he was active on the political, social and intellectual fora of his times and contributed significantly at each front. He was a most voluminous writer, and composed no less than three hundred and sixty literary works, both in the Pushto and Persian languages .[14] His poetry revolves around concepts of Honour, Justice, Bravery and Nationalism and his works have been translated into numerous languages, English and Urdu being the primary ones. .[15] The Khattaks have achieved positions of influence throughout history .[16]
Khushal Khan Khattak (1613 - 1690)
[edit] History
The earliest accounts of the Khattak tribe appear in the writings of Herodotus during the Fifth Century BC [2] where he mentions the four ancient nations comprising the Pactyans he encountered in Pactya as the Gandarn, the Aparytae, the Sattagyddae, and the Dadicae. The first having long since been identified with the ancient inhabitants of that part of the Peshawar valley now known as the Yusufzai and Mohmand country. The second and third are identified with the Afridi, and the Khattak of the present day. The last, or Dadicae, are most probably represented by the nearly extinct tribe of the Dadi, who dwell amongst the Kakar, on the southern border of the ancient Sattagyddae country. It is curious to find these very nations now, after a lapse of more than two thousand years, retaining the identical names and the same positions as those assigned to them by the ancient Greek author.
The first settlement of the Khattaks was at Shawal, a valley in the Waziri country lying to the west of Bannu, near the Pir Ghal peak. They migrated thence eastwards to the British district of Bannu and settled with the Afghan tribes of Honai and Mangal, who then held it. These tribes were driven out by the ****aks, a clan allied to the Khattaks, also from Shawal, probably during the 14th century. [17] [18] The ****aks gradually drove back the weak Khattak communities previously settled along the left bank of the Kuram. The Khattaks thus pressed from behind gradually spread over the southern portion of the Kohat district. They first took Possession of the Chauntra Bahadar Khel and Teri valleys, and jointly with the Bangashes drove out the tribes previously occupying the north-eastern part of the district, and obtained the Gumbat, Pattiala and Zira tappas as their share .[12]
The Khattak super Tribe and sub tribes. Khattak Family Tree.
[edit] Khattak super tribe & sub tribes
[edit] Khattak Super Tribe
[edit] Bolak
[edit] Akori Khattak
Areas: Peshawar, Nowshera. City Centers: Peshawar, Akbar Pura, Akora Khattak.
[edit] Yusufzai Khattak
Areas: Mardan, Sawabi, Malakand, Charsadda. City Centers: Lund Khwar, Jamal Garhi, Sher Garh, Katlang, Hatian, Sakha Kot.
[edit] Taraki
[edit] Tari
[edit] Bangi Khel/ Mangi Khel
Areas: Shakar Darra
[edit] Barak
Areas: Karak
[edit] Narri
[edit] Seni
Areas: Kohat
[edit] Sagri
Areas: Shakardarra, Narra Kanjoor, Jand, Attock.
The distribution of the Khattak Tribe in modern day Pakistan. Also shows major Khattak centers, cities, Tribal capitals and Districts where the Khattak Tribe is populated. All percentages shown are related to census demographics of population surveys of Pakistan.
[edit] Demographics
The Khattak sub tribes include the Seni Khattak(Kohat), Barak Khattak(Karak), Akora Khel Khattak(From Lundkhur to Nizampur), Mungi Khel Khattak(Shakar Dara), Mattu Khel Khattak (Shakar Darra), and the Saghri Khattak (Narra Kanjoor, Jand - Attock). They also live in Sndh, Balochistan, and Punjab provinces of Pakistan. In past there was democratic process to make a new leader of the tribe by vote of leaders of clans. each tribe leader was given extra land as Jagir (padgai or pagrrai) to cover the expenses of his Public Kitchen (Langer). There are 3 Chieftain of Khattak's , Khan of Terri, Akora and Makhad . it seems till the time of Khushal Khan, khattak's were having one Chieftain at Akora. Bangi khel's lives at Narrah(Taraf Jamal Khel of Narrah) Bani Afghan,Tabbi sari at Mianwali and some village at Shakar Dara District Kohat. Bangi khel are much in count so mostly considered separate tribe of Khattak's but actuall Bangi khel and Akora's are part of Saghri's. Saghri's living at Shakardara are called as "Topi Sughri" whereas at attock are called "nar-rray sughri" in local dilect.
Saghri's in the past were war like people and don't have written history but wisely they recorded their existence through naming ther new settlements with old names. Saghri's seems to have existence before first migration from Syria. it is pertinent to note that Syria and Iran still have a good number of Saghri's . After Qandhar they moved to Zhob area where they again left there signs as Saghri ghar and Saghri lake.
[edit] Lund Khwar
Lund Khwar[19] was known in the old days as Sammah.[4] The Khattaks here are the direct descendants of Khushal Khan Khattak through his son Sadar Khan. In his campaign of Swat, Khushal Khan Khattak had camped here and those of the Khattaks that live here today are his children through his Yousafzai wife. She was the daughter of the Yusufzai chief of the time in Mardan.[4]
Khattak
A Khattak Elderly man, chieftain. (speen geeray)
A Khattak Warrior with a classical old rifle.
Khattak or Khatak (Pashto: خټک [xaˈʈak], Urdu: خٹک), is the name of a Afghan tribe. The tribe's territory is located in the Khyber Pukhtoonkhwa province of Pakistan. The tribe is settled along the western bank of the river Indus from as north upwards as Sammah; modern day Lund Khwar & Sher Garh near Malakand to South through the district of Karak, a stretch of territory more than 200 miles long. Their historic capital is Akora Khattak, a town 50 kilometres (31 miles) east of the provincial capital, Peshawar.
Karlani Afghan Tribes Genealogy & Family Tree.
Flag of the Afghan Tribe, The Khattak. Made from historical references related to Malik Shehbaz Khan, Khushal Khan Khattak and the Khattak Tribe in general. It shows the famous Eagle of Khushal Khan, the sword of the Khattak Attan Dance, and the book; Khattaks are known as the scholars of the Afghans.
[edit] Origin
According to Nimatullah's 1620 work History of The Afghans, Khattaks are amongst the oldest of the Afghan tribes.[1] Their history has been closely knit with that of the Yusufzai Tribe from their first settlement around the mountains of Ghor and Ghazni [1] to present day East-Central and North-Eastern Pukhtunkhwa Province of Pakistan.
Herodotus, Book 3, 91.[2] (In this and the two succeeding passages the historian is giving a list of the Achaemenian satrapies and their peoples.)
The Sattagudai and the Gandarioi and the Dadikai and the Aparutai, who were all reckoned together paid 170 talents.
Herodotus, without assigning a name to the satrapy, tells us that Darius' yth Satrapy was inhabited by four tribes, the Sattagudai, the Gandarioi, the Dadikai, and the Aparutai.[3][4]The addition of the Aparutai/Aparidai correspondence helps to buttress the case for finding in Herodotus traces of names which carry through to the present day. Bellew has gone further and identified the Sattagudai with the famous Khatak tribe. "The Pathans 55O B.C.-A.D. 1957" printed St Martin's Press 1958 by MacMillan and Company Limited"[4]
Historians consider them to be the Tribe of Gad,[5] (Gen 30:3-11, Gen 35:26; 46:16-18; Ex 1:4; I Chr 2:2, Isaiah 65:11),[5] the word meaning to separate out or to "stand out". The Modern day word Khattak the morphed form of the original however means a small hill that "stands out".[6] The Tribe of Gad is among theTen Lost Tribes that was taken by Assyrians and settled in the mountains of Ghor and Ghazni.(page 37 The History of the Afghans by Burnhard Dorn)[7]
Gad (Hebrew; to stand out, also Luck and Soldier) > Gadak (of Gad) also Satta+Gaddayee or Sattagudai (Herodotus) > Khadak (Kha in the old dialect of Pukhto (not Pushto) for the G of Hebrew) > Khattak (a hill that stands out).
This is also strongly echoed and verified in the words of Herodotus during the 5th century BC [2] by the fact that of the Nations he mentions were "the Sattagyddae", the Gaddae being the morphed form of the original Gad.
Khattaks & Shetaks as the Sattagudai
Sir Olaf Caroe, The Pathans 550BC 1957AD:[4]
"Let us now refer to the third passage cited, in which Herodotus, without assigning a name to the satrapy, tells us that Darius' ythSatrapy was inhabited by four tribes, the Sattagudai, the Gandarioi, the Dadikai, and the Aparutai.
Bellew has gone further and identified the Sattagudai with the famous Khatak tribe, and the Dadikai with an obscure branch of Kakars whom he calls Dadi."
Khattaks and Shetaks ;origins
Sir Olaf Caroe, The Pathans 550BC 1957AD:[4]
"Neither Khataks nor ****aks appear by name until the period of publication of genealogies under the Mughals, and the time of Akbar's dealings with the Khataks for the protection of the highway to Peshawar. Babur indeed in his memoirs mentions the Karranis (Karlanris) whom he encountered in 1505 around Bannu along with the Niazis and Isakhel. It is probable that this reference of his is to Khataks or ****aks, or both, for both are Karlanri tribes, and the other Karlanris who live in that area, Wazirs and Bangash, Babur mentions by name when he comes to them."It is thus clear that Babur & other Mughals in their descriptions identify Khattaks & Shetaks together without any differentiation.
[edit] The unique place of Khattaks/Shetaks in Afghan History
Sir Olaf Caroe, The Pathans 550BC 1957AD:[4]
"Taken together, the Khataks and the ****aks, who now have a common boundary close to Bannu, cover a stretch of territory as large as that held by any Afghan or Pathan tribe, whether Ghilzai, Yusufzai or Durrani. From the Khatak settlements around Lundkhwar, close to the Malakand Pass, to the ****ak villages in Upper Daur in the Tochi, the distance is over 200 miles. The wide extent of their present territory, their large population, and the association of both groups of tribes at one time or another with the rich oases of Bannu and the Tochi, suggest sufficiently their importance in this family of peoples."[edit] Theory of Khattak Descent from the Greeks
After the creation of Pakistan, some Pakistani scholars, suggested a Greek descent for the Khattaks. However from the Histories of Herodotus, Herodotus, Book 3, 91.,[2] it is clear that a tribe by the name of SattaGydae (or Sattagudai) were already settled in the area around current day Ghor in Afghanistan and paid as tribute coinage and materials to the Greeks when they subjugated these areas:
"The Sattagudai and the Gandarioi and the Dadikai and the Aparutai, who were all reckoned together paid 170 talents."
Later Bellew, Caroe and other historians both Afghan and Western through their works identified the Sattagudai with the famous Khatak & ****ak tribes. "The Pathans 55O B.C.-A.D. 1957" printed St Martin's Press 1958 by MacMillan and Company Limited"[4]
Though all Afghan DNA[8] including Khattak DNA has minor contributions from haplogroups more common to the Greeks,[9] these are minor enough to rule out a direct lineage. Together with works from Herodotus and more recent historians, the theory of Khattak descent from the Greeks is unfounded.[10][11]
[edit] Afridis & Khattak blood throughout the ages
Sir Olaf Caroe, The Pathans 550BC 1957AD:[4]
"The Afridis and Khataks lumped together as Karlanris, can be held to reflect a knowledge that they represented a more aboriginal stock, which only later absorbed the characteristics of the invaders. In other words, it is not surprising that in looking for a prototype in the oldest recorded history bearing on this region we hit on the ancestor of the Pakhtun."Though Afghan DNA has minor contributions from Greeks, Turks, Arabs & Persians, this represents the inter marriages (albeit in minor proportions) between local Afghan Tribes and foreign invaders throughout the ages. This is the basis for some of the Theories though in error of Afghan descent from these peoples.
[edit] Afghan molding and amalgamation through the ages
Sir Olaf Caroe, The Pathans 550BC 1957AD:[4]
"This is not to assert that the ethnic or linguistic stock can be traced through to tribes of similar names today. The case would be rather that these were sub-stratum agglomerations of people who, through contact with later-comers, modified their language and were assimilated to later cultures, but retained in the more inaccessible places sufficient of their older inspirations to boast their original names. The theory does at least give a starting-point to Pathan history & the stock belief in the Bani Israel."
Migration of the Khattak & Shetak Tribe through the ages.
[edit] Eastern Migration from Afghanistan
Earliest records show their migration from Ghazni, Ghor and Loghar and Qandahar to Zhob. Afterwards to Bannu, then northwards towards modern day Kohat, Karak, Nowshera, attock, Mianwali and finally Mardan and Malakand. .[12] A warrior poet by the name of Khushal Khan Khattak (1613–1690) was once the chief of this tribe, and his contributions to Pushto literature are considered as classic texts .[13] His life and times are one of the most chronicled and discussed subjects in Pashtun history, as he was active on the political, social and intellectual fora of his times and contributed significantly at each front. He was a most voluminous writer, and composed no less than three hundred and sixty literary works, both in the Pushto and Persian languages .[14] His poetry revolves around concepts of Honour, Justice, Bravery and Nationalism and his works have been translated into numerous languages, English and Urdu being the primary ones. .[15] The Khattaks have achieved positions of influence throughout history .[16]
Khushal Khan Khattak (1613 - 1690)
[edit] History
The earliest accounts of the Khattak tribe appear in the writings of Herodotus during the Fifth Century BC [2] where he mentions the four ancient nations comprising the Pactyans he encountered in Pactya as the Gandarn, the Aparytae, the Sattagyddae, and the Dadicae. The first having long since been identified with the ancient inhabitants of that part of the Peshawar valley now known as the Yusufzai and Mohmand country. The second and third are identified with the Afridi, and the Khattak of the present day. The last, or Dadicae, are most probably represented by the nearly extinct tribe of the Dadi, who dwell amongst the Kakar, on the southern border of the ancient Sattagyddae country. It is curious to find these very nations now, after a lapse of more than two thousand years, retaining the identical names and the same positions as those assigned to them by the ancient Greek author.
The first settlement of the Khattaks was at Shawal, a valley in the Waziri country lying to the west of Bannu, near the Pir Ghal peak. They migrated thence eastwards to the British district of Bannu and settled with the Afghan tribes of Honai and Mangal, who then held it. These tribes were driven out by the ****aks, a clan allied to the Khattaks, also from Shawal, probably during the 14th century. [17] [18] The ****aks gradually drove back the weak Khattak communities previously settled along the left bank of the Kuram. The Khattaks thus pressed from behind gradually spread over the southern portion of the Kohat district. They first took Possession of the Chauntra Bahadar Khel and Teri valleys, and jointly with the Bangashes drove out the tribes previously occupying the north-eastern part of the district, and obtained the Gumbat, Pattiala and Zira tappas as their share .[12]
The Khattak super Tribe and sub tribes. Khattak Family Tree.
[edit] Khattak super tribe & sub tribes
[edit] Khattak Super Tribe
[edit] Bolak
[edit] Akori Khattak
Areas: Peshawar, Nowshera. City Centers: Peshawar, Akbar Pura, Akora Khattak.
[edit] Yusufzai Khattak
Areas: Mardan, Sawabi, Malakand, Charsadda. City Centers: Lund Khwar, Jamal Garhi, Sher Garh, Katlang, Hatian, Sakha Kot.
[edit] Taraki
[edit] Tari
[edit] Bangi Khel/ Mangi Khel
Areas: Shakar Darra
[edit] Barak
Areas: Karak
[edit] Narri
[edit] Seni
Areas: Kohat
[edit] Sagri
Areas: Shakardarra, Narra Kanjoor, Jand, Attock.
The distribution of the Khattak Tribe in modern day Pakistan. Also shows major Khattak centers, cities, Tribal capitals and Districts where the Khattak Tribe is populated. All percentages shown are related to census demographics of population surveys of Pakistan.
[edit] Demographics
The Khattak sub tribes include the Seni Khattak(Kohat), Barak Khattak(Karak), Akora Khel Khattak(From Lundkhur to Nizampur), Mungi Khel Khattak(Shakar Dara), Mattu Khel Khattak (Shakar Darra), and the Saghri Khattak (Narra Kanjoor, Jand - Attock). They also live in Sndh, Balochistan, and Punjab provinces of Pakistan. In past there was democratic process to make a new leader of the tribe by vote of leaders of clans. each tribe leader was given extra land as Jagir (padgai or pagrrai) to cover the expenses of his Public Kitchen (Langer). There are 3 Chieftain of Khattak's , Khan of Terri, Akora and Makhad . it seems till the time of Khushal Khan, khattak's were having one Chieftain at Akora. Bangi khel's lives at Narrah(Taraf Jamal Khel of Narrah) Bani Afghan,Tabbi sari at Mianwali and some village at Shakar Dara District Kohat. Bangi khel are much in count so mostly considered separate tribe of Khattak's but actuall Bangi khel and Akora's are part of Saghri's. Saghri's living at Shakardara are called as "Topi Sughri" whereas at attock are called "nar-rray sughri" in local dilect.
Saghri's in the past were war like people and don't have written history but wisely they recorded their existence through naming ther new settlements with old names. Saghri's seems to have existence before first migration from Syria. it is pertinent to note that Syria and Iran still have a good number of Saghri's . After Qandhar they moved to Zhob area where they again left there signs as Saghri ghar and Saghri lake.
[edit] Lund Khwar
Lund Khwar[19] was known in the old days as Sammah.[4] The Khattaks here are the direct descendants of Khushal Khan Khattak through his son Sadar Khan. In his campaign of Swat, Khushal Khan Khattak had camped here and those of the Khattaks that live here today are his children through his Yousafzai wife. She was the daughter of the Yusufzai chief of the time in Mardan.[4]
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