Originally posted by Damir9000
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http://www.cell.com/current-biology/...15)01167-7.pdf
A few things to consider.
1. The comparator group called "Not religious" is not defined. That is, no where in the paper does it define "Not religious" as Dawkins level atheist. It
2. Notice figure 2. They refer, in the 3 dimensional scatter plot, to religiosity.
What is the measure of "religiosity?" How is it defined in each of these subgroups. We are not given any reference that defines this term except that religiosity, according to the results section encompasses: 1. Frequency of religious practice 2. Household spirituality 3. the vague category of "overall religiousness"
We have no information as to what, say within the Christian and Islamic subgroups "frequency of religious practice" exactly means. For instance, would sadaqah and/or zakat which fall under "religious practice" count? Or is it the Peeza wakth Lmeenz guy that hangs out at the mosque 5 times a day because that is his social structure? Its an incomplete measure of religiosity if "frequency of religious practice" is measured by the number of times one attends a mosque vs the other practices/acts which are considered equally valid "frequencies of religious practice."
For instance, a Muslim that does not give the zakah is not actually fulfilling the totality of his faith - and within the Muslim subgroup, though a 5 times a day prayer may see himself or herself as "religious" he or she may not be religious by the gold standard of the religion itself.
In fact, one of the jokes about the Afghan Russo Conflict was that everyone, the Royalists, Communists, and Mujahideen used to all put down their guns for a few minutes to go do their prayer and then start shooting at eachother again.
3. Religious literacy is no where measured or taken into account in the univariate analysis.
For instance, George W Bush views himself as "religious." He might have answered the survey questions accordingly. But if one compares his level of literacy with say that of Pope Francis or Francis Collins or the Dean at Harvard seminary - would their definitions of "religiosity" and what defines accordance with the textual definitions in the religions be considered in this definition?
So the point one makes is that if the study seeks to compare Christians or Muslims to the "Not religious" Category are they comparing scripturally literate Muslims and Christians who are familar with the details of scriptural instruction?
Would say, Jimmy Swaggart, the 1980s missionary caught up in sexual scandals, who answered the questions under the three categories be deemed as "religiously observant?"
4. Also as an interpsonal harm issue... that result is actually the most interesting out of the whole paper. Interpersonal relationships and perception of actions in a society are those around which laws and customs are crafted right?
So in a sense, religious codification of laws regulating interpersonal behavior may very well be either a marker of ethnic/social/anthropoligical history or it may be a perception of social justice and injustice.
Basically, one might surmise that a biologically suitable way forward in line with regulating human behavior for the betterment of society led the development of religious thought processes within man to regulate the level of interpersonal "harm." And that this may be more in line with a biological viable society.
I mean its not lost on epidemiologists that the current situation in very secularized parts of Europe has resulted in plummeting birth rates far below the 2.4 births per household needed to maintain a steady state stable society. This is a very relevant case in Russia that has led the government to reward women to bare more children.
In this same way, human behavior challenging the biological norms in a secular fashion may sound A-OK in a philosophical sense - but the reality is that humans may have evolved these mechanisms to ensure proper growth, stability, and avoidance of devastating interpersonal, intertribal, interclan, and now international conflict.
5. Springboarding off 2, is all altruism beneficial? For instance, if a husband has a wife and kids or a nation state has resources - if the husband decides to allocate 50% of his resources to another woman versus his progency and wife being the first priority FOLLOWED by some limited altruism - will that result in societal betterment? Or should altruism be somewhat limited as per the discussion above regarding the possible beneficial aspect of regulating interpersonal behavior (emphasis not on INTRApersonal behavior or what we do for our own selves and with our own selves).
Also, what of the practical aspects of religious zeal often, in history resulting in mass "altruism" like the Ghazi brigades in Shah Amanullah's time who rendered numerous "altruistic" self sacrifices when a particular stimulus arose such that the single actions of those people rendered an independent Afghanistan at that time?
Basically, the paper defines altruism in a particular way - number of stickers shared.
So the measure of "altruism" that they decide to allocate really has no impact on actual real life atruistic practice.... its a surrogate that is an inanimate object/resource that is disconnected from any true altruistic outcome.
6. Reemphasizing religious literacy I discussed above... Islam and the Prophetic message have already handled this issue and answered your criticism generations ago.
The hadith literature noted the disconnect between the definition the authors defined as "religiosity" as the true "spirit of the religion"
The Bukhari and The Muslim, in which Prophet Muhammed SAWS narrates that the very first people who will be called to task on the Day of Judgement, and the very first people who will be rewarded and punished on the day of the judgement, will be the Hafiz (memorizer of Holy Quran), the martyr (the Shaheed) and the one who gave up and spend his money and finanical resources all the time for the sake of Allah.
These are the first three people whom Allah will call in front of him. The memorizer (the hafiz) of the Quran and the martyr who died in a legitimate expedition and the charitable person, and as everybody looking at them. They will think Allah’s honoring them, Allah is rewarding them, and Allah will give them the first share of the pie of Jannah.
So Allah will then ask this Hafiz, why did you memorize the Holy Quran, and why did you recite at these gatherings and these mosques. Why did you go and do this?
So the Hafiz will stand up and stay with pride and he will say Oh Allah, I did it to bring honour to your book, I did it for the respect of the religion. For the glory of the religion. I did it for the sake of Allah.
Allah will say, “You’re lying” and the angels will agree and say, ‘Yes! you’re lying.’
And the books will brought forth and it will be clear that his intention, Allah will say, “your intention was not to please me, you recited the Quran so that people would call you Qari, Hafiz, Sheikh and they did. So get your reward from them.”
And then the second person the martyr, the one who waged a legitimate expedition and he gave his life for the cause of Allah SWT, he will be asked, why did you spend your life in the way of Allah?
And the man will say, “Because I wanted to bring help to the religion, bringing help to Islam or glory to Islam, I wanted to defend the religion, defend the weak. The homeless and the poor.
‘I did it for your sake, Oh Allah SAWT’ and the Allah will once again say, “You’re lying and Allah will say, you only did it so that people could call you, Mujahid, brave man, you have done so much and the people did, you got your reward from them, none from me.
Finally, the same with the third person, he will say, “I gave up my money to be generous, person for your religion. And Allah will say, “You’re lying” and the angels will agree and say, ‘You’re lying.’ And Allah will say, you only did it, so that you cloud be known in the community. So that people would call you generous and that is exactly what they did. You got your reward from them, so don’t expect anything from me.
And then Allah will punish these three kind of people in front of all the creation and they will be the every first people to enter the hell fire.
These are the first three people whom Allah will call in front of him. The memorizer (the hafiz) of the Quran and the martyr who died in a legitimate expedition and the charitable person, and as everybody looking at them. They will think Allah’s honoring them, Allah is rewarding them, and Allah will give them the first share of the pie of Jannah.
So Allah will then ask this Hafiz, why did you memorize the Holy Quran, and why did you recite at these gatherings and these mosques. Why did you go and do this?
So the Hafiz will stand up and stay with pride and he will say Oh Allah, I did it to bring honour to your book, I did it for the respect of the religion. For the glory of the religion. I did it for the sake of Allah.
Allah will say, “You’re lying” and the angels will agree and say, ‘Yes! you’re lying.’
And the books will brought forth and it will be clear that his intention, Allah will say, “your intention was not to please me, you recited the Quran so that people would call you Qari, Hafiz, Sheikh and they did. So get your reward from them.”
And then the second person the martyr, the one who waged a legitimate expedition and he gave his life for the cause of Allah SWT, he will be asked, why did you spend your life in the way of Allah?
And the man will say, “Because I wanted to bring help to the religion, bringing help to Islam or glory to Islam, I wanted to defend the religion, defend the weak. The homeless and the poor.
‘I did it for your sake, Oh Allah SAWT’ and the Allah will once again say, “You’re lying and Allah will say, you only did it so that people could call you, Mujahid, brave man, you have done so much and the people did, you got your reward from them, none from me.
Finally, the same with the third person, he will say, “I gave up my money to be generous, person for your religion. And Allah will say, “You’re lying” and the angels will agree and say, ‘You’re lying.’ And Allah will say, you only did it, so that you cloud be known in the community. So that people would call you generous and that is exactly what they did. You got your reward from them, so don’t expect anything from me.
And then Allah will punish these three kind of people in front of all the creation and they will be the every first people to enter the hell fire.
[QUOTE] My ummah will be divided into 73 sects... [QUOTE]
or the famous hadith of the prostitute that slaked the dehydrated dog's thirst with water from her shoe being saved.
The latter shows once again that the definition of religiosity that the authors decided to apply in no way correlates with the more important measures of 1. Religious literacy and 2. Religious literacy coupled with religiosity (possibly in the manner defined by the authors).
In summary, you are a poor poor analyst without much ability or introspection with respect to analyzing scientific literature in a meaningful way.



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