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Genes are the basic hereditary unit transferred from parent to offspring. Associated structures called Markers can be used together with genes to find relationships between individuals. This can identify similar groups of peoples, ethnicity, race and paternity. For this purpose thousands of genes and millions of associated markers are utilized.
Researches have shown not only a relationship between Afghan (Pashtun) and Jewish (Ashkenazi, Sephardic, Arab Jewish) DNA but that Afghan DNA is second closest (68.1) to Ashkenazi DNA after Irani and Iraqi Jews (67.9).[64][65] Though most of these researches have used Yusufzai, Afridi or Khattak samples from Pakistan and India, inferences can be drawn about Afghan DNA in general.
Rare genetic disease among populations show a common origin. In this regard, the rare disease Inclusion body myopathy has been found among Afghans (Pashtuns), Iranian Jews and Ashkenazi Jews. This indicates a common founder mutation.[66][67][68][69]
Related researches include.[72] About the Jewish strain.[73]
Research about the migration of the original founders Afghans to Afghanistan.[74]
Variations from Jewish groups
The variation seen between Afghans and other Jewish groups (Iranian, Arab, Iraqi Jews and Ashkenazi) is related to the mingling of Afghan DNA with local non semitic groups of peoples.[75]
Genetics & Anthropology
Research into human DNA is a new way to explore historical movements of populations by studying their genetic make-up.
Various Genetic studies have been carried out by different sources. The latest studies indicate a multi match for certain haplotypes that include in particular haplogroups J2, G1, G2c and subtypes.
The Gs include G1, G2c (Y-STR haplotype 731),2,3,5 from various studies:
Some genetic genealogy studies also indicate a minor contribution to the Pashtun DNA from Iranian, Arab, Turkish and Greek peoples.[80]
The theory of Pashtun descent from Israelites is currently being studied by Navras Aafreedi and Shahnaz Ali of India.[81][82]
From these and many other studies it is thus conclusive that genetic makeup of Scythians and Scythian hybrids does not match Pasthun DNA.[citation needed]
Researches have shown not only a relationship between Afghan (Pashtun) and Jewish (Ashkenazi, Sephardic, Arab Jewish) DNA but that Afghan DNA is second closest (68.1) to Ashkenazi DNA after Irani and Iraqi Jews (67.9).[64][65] Though most of these researches have used Yusufzai, Afridi or Khattak samples from Pakistan and India, inferences can be drawn about Afghan DNA in general.
Rare genetic disease among populations show a common origin. In this regard, the rare disease Inclusion body myopathy has been found among Afghans (Pashtuns), Iranian Jews and Ashkenazi Jews. This indicates a common founder mutation.[66][67][68][69]
"Inclusion body myopathy a disease in which muscular weakness appears is a rare genetic disorder from a founder mutation which is localized to Jewish populations. While most known patients are Iranian Jews, a few originate from Afghans (Pashtuns) from Afghanistan. The high frequency is due to a founder mutation [GNE, M712T]"
Another genetic disease common to both Pashtuns and Jews is the disease Glucose 6 Phosphate Dehydrogenase deficiency.[70][71] "G6PDH is common to Jews from Kurdistan, Iraq, Iran, Yemen and in Afghans /Pashtuns."
Sibship relationships and strainsRelated researches include.[72] About the Jewish strain.[73]
"Important strains in the Jewish blend include the Robust Mediterranean, Cappadocian Mediterranean, Irano-Afghan."
"Ethnic group sibships 1st degree Lesser cases treated Jews from North Africa 12+1* 6 1 18 + 1* 12 Iran 7 + 1* 4 10 + 1* 5 Iraq 5 3 19 Yemen 19 6 6 30 11 Afghanistan 11 2 1 Turkey 2 1 4 2 Israel Arabs 7 5 2 9 8 Total 54 26 10 83 44 ..."
Genetics & Migration to AfghanistanResearch about the migration of the original founders Afghans to Afghanistan.[74]
Variations from Jewish groups
The variation seen between Afghans and other Jewish groups (Iranian, Arab, Iraqi Jews and Ashkenazi) is related to the mingling of Afghan DNA with local non semitic groups of peoples.[75]
Genetics & Anthropology
Research into human DNA is a new way to explore historical movements of populations by studying their genetic make-up.
Various Genetic studies have been carried out by different sources. The latest studies indicate a multi match for certain haplotypes that include in particular haplogroups J2, G1, G2c and subtypes.
The Gs include G1, G2c (Y-STR haplotype 731),2,3,5 from various studies:
- Table 3 in the study by Sengupta et al. (2006) Pakistani (n=176), Y chromosome lineages.[76] ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Firasat et al. and Sengupta et al. (2006) [77]
- The YHRD European forensic database has several haplotypes from Pakistan that are very likely to be G2c[78][79]
Some genetic genealogy studies also indicate a minor contribution to the Pashtun DNA from Iranian, Arab, Turkish and Greek peoples.[80]
The theory of Pashtun descent from Israelites is currently being studied by Navras Aafreedi and Shahnaz Ali of India.[81][82]
"Pathans, or Pashtuns, are the only people in the world whose probable descent from the lost tribes of Israel finds mention in a number of texts from the 10th century to the present day, written by Jewish, Christian and Muslim scholars alike, both religious as well as secularists."[83]
—Navras Aafreedi, academic at the University of Lucknow and member of the Afridis
Israel is planning to fund this rare genetic study to determine whether there is a link between the lost tribes of Israel and the Pashtuns.—Navras Aafreedi, academic at the University of Lucknow and member of the Afridis
"Of all the groups, there is more convincing evidence about the Pashtuns than anybody else, but the Pashtuns are the ones who would reject Israel most ferociously. That is the sweet irony."[83]
—Shalva Weil, anthropologist and senior researcher at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem
Mitochondrial DNA analysis on a 2500 year-old skeleton excavated from a Scythian kurgan at the Kizil site in the Altai Republic casts doubt on the theory of Pashtun descent from Scythians. Results showed the remains to be a member of haplogroup N1a.[84] This haplogroup is spread widely across Eurasia and northeast Africa in low frequencies but is not currently identified in Pashtuns. Precise matches to the Scythian skeleton are found in Yemen, Armenia, Egypt, Germany, and Estonia. Additionally:—Shalva Weil, anthropologist and senior researcher at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem
- Mitochondrial DNA extracted from two Scytho-Siberian skeletons (Altai Republic (Russia) dating back 2,500 years) show characteristics "of mixed Euro-Mongoloid origin". ("European" in this context means Western Eurasian).[85] One of the individuals was found to carry the F2a maternal lineage, and the other the D lineage, both of which are characteristic of East Eurasian populations.[86]
- Maternal genetic analysis (of Saka period male and female skeletal remains, Beral site Kazakhstan) determined an HV1 mitochondrial sequence in the male (most frequent in European populations) and the HV1 sequence of the female to be of an Asian origin. It was suggested that the female may have derived from either mtDNA X or D.[87]
- Y-Chromosome DNA testing (ancient Scythian skeletons dated to the 5th century BCE, Sebÿstei site) exhibited the R1a1 haplogroup. A search in the YHRD database as well as the researching scientists' own database revealed close matches were found for a haplotype found at high frequency in Altaians & among eastern Europeans and Central Anatolia. Other haplotype matches closely matched types in Poland, Germany, Anatolia, Armenia, Nepal and India.[88]
From these and many other studies it is thus conclusive that genetic makeup of Scythians and Scythian hybrids does not match Pasthun DNA.[citation needed]
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