Pashto Basic course discussion topic.

[Badlun]

Practice

PRACTICE OF PRESENT INDEFINITE/SIMPLE TENSEmasdar likal…..ليکل

Tor Khan or any other friend who can write in Pashto letters may correct the Pashto script in this and other posts where Pashto alphabet is alraedy used.

I write, za likam …..زه ليکم

we write, mong likoo….مونږ ليکو

they write, haghoi likee…هغوی ليکي

he/she writes,hagha likee….هغه ليکي

you write (sing), ta likay…..ته ليکې

you write(plural) taso likai….تاسو ليکﺉ

masdar wadredal….دريدل

I stand, za wadraigam/jam-DAREGAM-DAREJAM….زه دريګم

we stand,mong wadreegoo/joo…..مونږ دريګو

they stand,haghoi wadreegi….هغوی دريګي

he/she stands, hagha wadreegi….هغه دريګي

you stand (sing.), ta wadragay….ته دريګې

you stand(plural) taso wadreigai….تاسو دريګﺉ

masdar kenastal….کښيناستل

I sit, za kainam…..زه کښينم

we sit, mong kainoo…مونږ کښينو

they sit, hagho kenee….هغوی ګښيني

he/she sits, hagha keni….هغه کښيني

you sit (sing.),ta kenay…ته کښينې

you sit (plural) tasoo kenai….تاسو کښينﺉ

General rules for endings of the verb in present indefinite tense


There are some general rules with exceptions which you would have noticed in the above examples and thats why I suggested you that give special attention to the endings of the verbs

Generally the endings are as follows

pronoun I \AM

we \OO-U

he/she/they \ EE-I

you \ ay

you pl. \ ai

For example for the above mentioned verb likal….. the endings are underlined

masdar likal…..ليکل

I write, za likam …..زه ليکم

we write, mong likoo….مونږ ليکو

they write, haghoi likee…هغوی ليکي

he/she writes,hagha likee….هغه ليکیي

you write (sing), ta likay…..ته ليکې

you write(plural) taso likai….تاسو ليکﺉ

Question_ In the previous posts, the meanings for, 'to become' and 'to cry' both are given as 'jorheedal'…جوړېدل… Is this word used for both of them?

To cry is ... Jarhal…*ژړل… or Jarheedal… ژړېدل
….

To become is Jorheedal…… جوړېدل….. difference of 'o' and 'a'
I cry > Za Jaarham…. زه ژړم

We cry > Moong Jaarhoo…مونږ ژړو

they cry > Haghoi Jaarhi……هغوی ژړي

She/he Cries > Hagha Jaarhi….هغه ژړي

you cry (sing) > Ta jaarhay……ته ژړې

You cry (plu) > Tasu jaarhai………تا سو ژړﺉ

Masdar – awraidal……اورېدل…..

I listen – Za Awram…….زه اورم

We listen – Moong Awroo……….مونږ اورو

He/she listens – Hagha Awree……..هغه اوري

They listen – Haghoi Awree……هغوی اوري
.
You listen (sing.) – Ta Awray…….ته اورې

You listen (plural) – Tasu Awrai………تاسواورﺉ

masdar – lwastal….لوستل

I read – za lwastam…INCORRECT .زه لوستم

We read – mong lawastoo…مونږ لوستو

He/she reads – hagha lwastee….هغه لوستي

They read – haghoi lwastee…هغوی لوستي

You read (sing.) –ta lwastay…ته لوستې

You read (plural) – taso lwastai…تا سو لوستﺉ
Masdar – lwastal لوستل...

lwastal… لوستل… is a bit irregular verb please note the following changes in red. Also note that many times instead of lwastal… لوستل… the verb wayal…ويل. is used . as I read a book < za yaw kitab wayam..زه يو کتاپ ويم.. for za yaw kitab lwalam…زه يو کتاپ لولم..

I read – za lwastam زه لوستم.../
lwalam…لولم

We read – mong lawastoo مونږ لوستو../
lwaloo..لولوو

He/she reads – hagha lwastee….. هغه لوستي /
lwalee …..لولي.

They read – haghoi lwastee هغوی لوستي……/
lwalee.. لولي..

You read (sing.) –ta lwastay ….. ته لوستې.. /
lwalay.لولې..

You read (plural) – taso lwastai. تا سو لوستﺉ…/
lwalay..لولﺉ...


Masdar – wayal…..ويل

I speak – za wayam…زه ويم

We speak – mong wayoo…..مونږ ويو

He/she speaks – haghaa wayee…..هغه ويي

They speak – haghoi wayee….هغوی ويي

You speak (sing.) – ta wayay….ته ويې

You speak (plural) – taso wayai….تاسو وﺉ

Note: "Lwastal"…. is also read and spoken as "Lustal"……

Masdar – mina kawal…..مينه کول

I love – za mina kawam….زه مينه کوم

We love – mong mina kawoo….مونږ مينه کوو

He/she loves – haghaa mina kawee………هغه مينه کوي

They love – haghoi mina kawee……..هغوی مينه کوي

You love (sing.) – ta mina kaway……ته مينه کوې

You love ( plural) – taso mina kawai……..تاسو مينه کوﺉ

Masdar – khwakhawal…..خوښول

I like – za khwakhawam…زه خوښوم

We like – mong khwakhawoo…مونږ خوښوو

He /she likes –haghaa khwakhawee…هغه خوښوي

They like – haghoi khwakhawee…هغوی خوښوي

You like (sing.) - ta khwakhaway…ته خوښوې

You like (plural) – taso khwakhawai تاسو خوښوﺉ

Note: "Kawal" is also read and spoken as "Kol" like 'meena kol'

And "khwakhwal" as "khwakhol" like Za 'khwakhom'



The above verbs can be summarized as follows

verbs> lwastal, wayal, awredal, mena kawal, khwakhawal

za / lwalam,waim, awram, mena koom, khwakhom

mong /lwaloo, wayoo, awroo, mena kawoo, khwakhawoo

hagha/haghoi/ lwalee, wayee, awree, mena kawee, khwakhawee

ta \lwalay, way, awre, mena kaway, khwakhey

taso\ lwalai, wayai, awrai, mena kawai, khwakhawai

Please have such practice with other verbs


QUESTION You have said that 'wayal' is sometimes used in place of 'lwastal'. lwastal means to read. wayal mean to speak. Please clear this I am confused.
and how do we come to know how the verb changes as u have corrected

Masdar – awraidal….اورېدل

I listen –Za Awram…زه اورم

We listen –Moong Awroo….مونږ اورو

He/she listens –Hagha Awree…هغه اوري

They listen –Haghoi Awree….هغوی اوري

You listen (sing.) –Ta Awray…ته اورې

You listen (plural) –Tasu Awrai…. تا سو اورﺉ

Here the verb awraidal changes to awram, awroo and so on. and the alphabet 'd' does not occur. I understood as the facilitator had written the guidelines for the verb to change. but in this case the verb itself changes. So how do we come to know?

Answer Language is a living entity it is what the people speak . It is what how it is used

Remember grammar should never be perspective it is descriptive. Yes it is colloquial to use wayal for lwastal. We will discuss such things in an advanced level.

For awraidal again the verb is irregular try to learn and use as it is

as in English

add added added

but

do did done

no logic but it has to be used as it is.

Our next tense is present continuous tense . If you have learnt present indefinite. continuous is not at all a problem

Home Work. please write a small paragraph in Pashto with English translation and use Simple present tense.

[spogmai shaglay]

za har wraz sahar wraz pohanzai ta zam… I go to college every early morning..……pa pohanzai ki lectures awo meetings sara ma der masroofa yam …. In the college I am very busy with my lectures and meetings ……za korta drey ya salor baje bearta razam….i come back home at 2 or 3 o’clock….biya za dodai khwram…..then I eat food….biya za aaram kawam..theni take some rest…. Kala che za pasam za chey skham…..when I wake up I drink tea….pa mazpakheen wakht ma wahal ta zam… in the evening I go for a walk…. Za bearta razam awo khpal mor sara pa pakhlanzai ki dodai pakhawam.... I come back and cook food with my mother….biya mong dodai khwrooo……then we eat food…biya pa computer za khpal da lecture kaar kom.. then I do my lecture work on the computer..….. hum zama malgary sara khabrey kom….also I talk to my friends. Biya khpal koranai sara kainam awo khabrey kom….then I sit with my family and talk…biya mong ooda kegoo… then we go to sleep….

[Roshina]

Very good, Spogmai! Thank you very much for writing that!

za har wraz sahar wraz pohanzai ta zam … I go to college every early morning

Hara? or har? (Since "wraz" is feminine -- e.g., "Nan da sa wraz da?" ("What day is it today?")

pa pohanzai ki lectures awo meetings sara ma der masroofayam …. In the college I am very busy with my lectures and meetings

I may be wrong, but I think the part in blue should read: za dera masroofa yam. No? Or was it a typo? (In case it was a typo, the only reason I'm pointing it out is because this is for learning Pashto. Please forgive me if you disagree. Manana.)

Za bearta razam awo khpal mor sara pa pakhlanzai ki dodai pakhawam....

Nice! I say "borchikhana" (from "bawarchi khaana" in Urdu). I'm going to start using Pakhlanzai instead now.

hum zama malgary sara khabrey kom….also I talk to my friends.

Malgary = friends only when you're saying something like, "My friends came to my house." (In Pashto, zama malgary zamung kara raghalee wu.) If you wanna say, however, that "I talk to my friends," then it would/should be:

Da khpal malgaro sara khabare kom ("malgaro").

At least this is what I think/thought it is. Please correct me if I'm wrong.

[spogmai shaglay]

Thank you very much, Qrrtugai. You are always welcome to point out my mistakes. I am gonna learn from it. Whether you are write or not willl have to wait for other members to post the translation and then osho's correction.

[spogmai shaglay]

Thank you very much, Qrrtugai. You are always welcome to point out my mistakes. I am gonna learn from it. Whether you are write or not willl have to wait for other members to post the translation and then osho's correction.

[spogmai shaglay]

to dance..naseedal/gadeydal
I dance… za naseegam
We dance… mong nasegoo
He/she dances…hagha naseegee
They dance… hagoi naseegi
You (sing.) dance….ta naseegey
You (pl.)… dance…taso Naseegai

to drink... skhal
I drink…..za shkam
We drink… mong shkoo
He/she drinks… hagha skhee
They drink… haghoi skhi
You (sing.) drink…. Ta shkey
You (pl.)…. Taso skhai

to play...lobey kawal
to cook….pakhawal
I cook…. Za pakhom
We cook…. Mong pakhawoo
He/she cooks…. Hagah pakhawee
They cook… haghoi pakhawi
You (sing.) cook… ta pakhawey
You (pl.) taso pakhawai

to buy….akhestal please write for this as i am not able to....

to talk… khabrey kawal
I talk…. Za khabrey kawam
We talk… mong khabrey kawoo
He/she cooks…. Hagha khabrey kawee
They cook…. Haghoi khabrey kawi
You (sing.) … ta khabrey kawey
You (pl.) … taso khabrey kawai

to stay…aoseedal
I stay…. Za aoseegam
We stay… mong aossegoo
He/she stays… hagha aoseegee
They stay…. Hagahoi aosegi
You (sing.)… ta aoseegey
You (pl.)… taso aoseegai

to break…matawol
I break….za matawom
We break… mong matawoo
He/she breaks…hagha matawee
They break… haghoi matawi
You (sing.)… ta matawey
You (pl.) ….. ta matawai

to join…nakhlawal/makhlawal
I join… za nakhlawom
We join….. mong nakhlawoo
He/she joins… hagha nakhlawee
They join… haghoi nakhlawi
You (sing.)….ta nakhlawey
You(pl.) ….taso nakhlawai

[tor_khan]

You (sing.)… ta matawey
You (pl.) ….. ta matawai

You - plural - tasu - but I think you know that anyway, looking at the other examples.

[Master Khan]

Spohmai Shaglay where you from?, your pashto is abit different to my.

[Feroza_Banu]

For buying, we use "Ra newal " Akhestal means taking.

"He took that from me"
"Da zma sakha hagha wakhastey"


For buying,

I want to buy this

Za ghwaram che dagha ranesam

kandahari ye? nor khalak akhistal wayee...yawazi kandarian "raneewal" wayee..

dwarra raneewal aw akhistal sahi dei.

[Badlun]

Please avoid one liner messages in this topic as here we may develop a comrehensive and systematic Pashto course.

If you talk of geosynonyms like akhistal, ranewal etc then please have a little time and describe the geosynonym you use in your area in detail and give some examples and other relevant explanation. This way we will have a good descriptive piece of linguistic knowledge.

Also if possible and if we have only one liner message then we may translate our messages in Pashto and this way the learners will have material for practising Pashto reading.

[Badlun]

Osho, is there any other difference between sheen and kheen dialect?

Actually there is no such a terminology as sheen-sheen dialect but usually the linguists use soft dialect for sheen-je pronounced Pashto in southern Pashtunkhwah as in kandahar, Quetta, Paktya, Waziristan, Bannu, karak and hard dialect for kheen-ge sounds as used in Northern Pashtunkhwah as Jalal abad, Kunarh, Peshawar, Kohat, Bajawarh, Swat, Mardan etc.Some discussion is availabe in the start of this course.

The difference is mainly in these two sounds(khin-shin and je-ge) and few geosynonyms which are different Pashto words for the same noun or verb used differently in different areas but all are Pashto words. No one can say that my dialect or geosynonym is better than some one else.

For a learner this dialect issue is not at all important. Have a grasp on any of the dialect and use the dialect as it is frequently used in your family, peer groups or town or city.

[spogmai shaglay]

some more verbs... please correct them...as in pronunciation...

to forget……heerawal
to believe……(yakeen kawal?)
to search…..gukhtal
to hide….pattawal
to know…..poheedal
to keep….saatal
to teach….dars warkawal/pohowal
to lose….ddakawal
to travel…. Garzeedal
to walk… kadam wahal


also please write akestal for all verbs....

[amna.]

to lose = wrak kawal

[Badlun]

Revision

REVISION /SUMMARY OF THE PREVIOUS LESSONS

IN LESSON NO. 1 we discussed pronouns of Pashto language which are the following

I .......................ZA. WE.....................MONG/J.YOU.SINGULAR....TA

YOU PLURAL........TASO.HE/SHE...............HAGHA.THEY..................HAGH OI

.ZA HALAK YAM....... I AM A BOY.

HALAK..................BOY.

YAM............................. AM

For details please go to lesson no.1

Practice and CORRECTIONS OF MOST COMMON MISTAKES

za num sanam da < Zama noom Sanam de (noom is masculine) for 'I' should be za for "my" is Zama, > zama plar pukhtoon de

taso zama dost dee < Taso zama dostan/Malgari yai ( plurarl) or Ta zama dost/malgaray yeh

da gloona khayasta da > da Guloona khesta di (guloona is plural)

zama ror khesta de

haghoi kha sarhee dee

za pakhtoon janai yam > 'Pukhtoon' is for masculine for feminine should be 'Pukhtana' > Za pukhtana jeenai yam

za lagya yam Pashto zda kawam

hagha lagya da chocolate khwree

ta yow kha halak de. < Ta yo kha halak yeh
Aimal awo Jannan zama ustaad dee< ustazan dee <plural

Smiley zama kha dost da <dosta da <feminine but in Pashto it is more common to use the word malgari or andewal for dosta

Za pf.com mina kawam< za (da )pf .com sara mina kawom/koom. we have to use two prepositions da ,sara meaning with here .

Prepositions will be discussed later on

Za Aimal sara mina kawam/kom > I love (with) Aimal
The written sentence should be , Za da Aimal sara mina kawam

Zeb zama malgaray de > zeb is my friend

Use of prepositions is unique for each language as we trust in GOD in English but in Pashto za pa khudai yaqeen koom pa means on not in and some times a preposition may be used in one language but not in other as the above example

The word "noom" is masculine so at the end of a sentence "de" should be written not 'da'

e.g. Sta sa noom de?

Zama noom JG de not zama noom JG da

or Zama noom sanam de

Guloona singular is Gul

Revision /summary of
lesson no 2. and the most common mistakes with corrections

Pronouns

my..................................zama. our...................zamong/j

your.sing.........................sta. your.plu..............staso

his..... da hagha... her......da haghay. their......... da haghoi

my house/home......... zama koor

your book...................sta kitab

his cow.......................da hagha ghwa

her university.............. da haghaay univesity/ pohantoon

welcome....................... pakhair raghlay/starhi mashay

thanks..........................manana

For detail please read the original lesson

Zama koor khesta de ........ My house is beautiful

Taso der kha kasan dee .....taso der kha kasaan yai....You are good people

za lagya yam Urdu kitab lawlam....Lwalam...I am reading urdu books

Swat yo khesta shehar de....Swat yo khesta khaar de....Swat is a beautiful city.

Za Bombay sara mina kawam.....I love bombay

za English,hindi aw urdu wayam........I speak english, hindi and urdu.

zama khor noom sharmeen da.....you are making same mistake as above sanam.. noom is masculine.... so you should use 'de' instead of 'da' zama da khor noom sharmeen de.Note there is an extra 'da' which means 'of'.. name of my sister is sharmeen......My sister's name is sharmeen

Pakistan der laray de..........Pakistan is very far.

[Badlun]

Present continuous tense

Present Continuous Tense OR Present Progressive Tense

In Pashto present indifinite tense is used both for indifinite and continuous as

I write za likam

I am writing za likam

but some times to specify the continuity of the action the verb lagya kaidal is used in its different shapes . lagya means doing or busy and kaidal means to do

The infinitive kaidal then takes the following shapes

za / yam( za yam as a seperate sentence means I am and so on *

mong /yoo

hagha\haghoi dee

ta / ye

taso /yai

For example

za lagya yam likam \I am writing

mong lagya yoo likoo\ we are writing

hagha/haghoi lagya dee likee \he/she/they are writing

ta lagya ye likay\ you are writing

taso lagya yai likai \you are writing

Note that endings of the verb likal are exactly the same as in present indifinite tense and the same is true for all verbs only lagya kaidal is inserted but it can also be avoided and for both indefinite and continuous the same indifinite can be used

Please note that this is the most difficult stage in learning of a language but we cannot do with out it. Many are discouraged when they reach to the stage of verb and tenses. I remeber how with difficulty I learnt verbs of spanish but now I m used to it

Some more prctice of present continuos tense

verbs jarhal to weep, khandal to laugh, aghostal, to wear, manda wahal to run\manda means race and wahal literally means to beat it is a compound verb

za \lagya yam \jarham, khandam, aghondam, manda waham

mong\lagya yoo \ jarhoo, khandoo, aghondoo, manda wahoo

hagha/haghoi lagya dee\ jarhee, khandee, aghondee, manda wahee

ta\ lagya ye\ jarhay, khanday, aghonday, manda wahay

taso\ lagya yai\ jarhai, khandai, aghondai, manda wahai

To listen click here:ADE_manda_wahai.wma

Please note that the only difference between indifinite and continuous here is the verb lagya kaidal , if we delete lagya kaidal then it is the same indifinite . kaidal means to be done or to be

to wear > Aghundal is also read and spoken as Achawal or Achol

I'm wearing my cloths >Za lagiya yam jaame/kaley aghundam/achawam/achom

I'm reading a book > Za lagya yam kitab lwalam/wayam

I'm fishing > Za lagya yam mahee/kaban neesam

I'm translating > za lagya yam tarjuma/jabarha kawama/koma

I'm dancing > Za lagya yam gadegam/nasegam/ghorzam

I'm telling a lie > za lagya yam darogh wayam/wem

I'm telling the truth > za lagya yam reeshtiya wayam/wem

aghondal, achawal are synonyms and achawal and achol and similarly aghondal and aghostal are geosynonyms i. e. synonyms which are found in different speaking areas of a language

A conversation in present continuous tense;

Ammi: Jg sa ke lagiya ye ? (what are you doing Jg)

JG : Ammi za lagiya yam sabaq wayam (mother i'm reading)

Ammi: na, maata khu dase lagi che ta lagiya ye lobeh ke /kawey(no, it seems to me that you are playing

JG: na Ammi ogora kitab meh makhay ta prot de ao za yeh lwalam/lagya yam lwalam ye ( no mother, see the book is in front of me and i'm reading it)

I am reading ------ za lagya yam lwalam

we are reading------mong lagya yoo lwaloo

he/she is reading -------- haghaa lagya dee lwalee

they are reading ------ haghoi lagya dee lwalee

you are reading (sing.)------ta lagya ye lwalay

you are reading (plural)----- taso lagya yai lwalai

I am eating ------- za lagya yam khwram

we are eating ----- mong lagya yoo khwroo

he/she is eating --- haghaa lagay dee khwaree> Corr. "Hagha lagiya da khwree"

they are eating ----- haghoi lagya dee khwaree

you are eating (singular) ------ ta lagya ye khwray

you are eating (plural) --------taso lagya yai khwarai



he is eating --- haghaa lagya de khwree
she is eating ...hagha lagya dah khwree

they are eating ----- haghoi lagya dee khwree

you are eating (plural) --------taso lagya yai khwrai

The verb khwarhal means to eat and the verb khwarawal means to feed. Note the verb endings for khwarawal to feed

za khwaroom, mong khwaraw, hagha /haghoi khwarai, ta khwaray, taso khwarawai

Please note

For the english verb is in Pashto we use day for mesculine and da for feminine and dee\are \ for plural . when he and she to gether then dee as for they

sarhay day... , khaza da ... , sarhee dee ...

sarhay lagya day ... khaza lagya da..., sarhee lagya dee....

Home work

Please write a short paragraph in Pashto with English translation using Present Continuous Tense.