Pashto Basic course discussion topic.

[zahir]

Badlun wrora,
Can you please explain why objective pronouns are usually used in present perfect tense but not always? What determines this?

[Shah-i-Kot]

If you want to emphazise that it is your own business you can add "own" - خپل
Then your sentence would be following:
دا زما خپل کاروبار دی. (da zma khpel karubar dǝy)

خپل is an adjective and it means that its form must correcpond to a noun, i.e must have the same grammatical gender and number. If a give noun is masculine in singular form, then adjective must have the same form; if the noun is feminine in plural form, then adjective must have the same form.

see few exapmles:
"my own houses": "house" in Pashto is a masculine noun - کور ; its plural form is کورونه (koruna); "own" - masculine form in plural and singular is the same: خپل . So the expression would be زما خپل کورونه (the personal pronoun زما doesn't change its form here).

" my own land" - "land" in Pashto is a feminine noun - مځکه (mdzeka) or ځمکه (dzmeka). It means that the adjective "own" -خپل also mus be in feminine form, ie خپله . So it will be: زما خپله مځکه (zma khpela mdzeka).

"my own exercise books" - exercise book in Pashto is a feminine noun - کتابچه , additionally in our example it is in plural form: کتابچې (kitabche). It means that the adjective must be in the same form (feminine plural):
زما خپلې کتابچې (zma khpele kitabche)

The main problem is that adjectives are irregular...So when you see a new adjective, better to learn immediately its masuline and feminine forms (singular and plural).

Few examples:
اوږد (ugd) - long (masculine, singular) اوږد سفر - long trip (ugd safar)
اوږده (ugdǝ) - long (masculine, plural) اوږه سفرونه - long trips (ugdǝ safaruna)
اوږده (ugda) - long (feminine, singular) اوږده لار - long way (ugda lar)
اوږدې (ugde) - long (feminine, plural) اوږدې لاري - long ways (ugde lari)

سوړ (sor) - cold (masculine, singular)
ساړه (sarǝ) - cold (masculine, plural)
سړه (sara) - cold (feminine, singular)
سړې (sare) - cold (feminine, plural)

Yasmeenah,

It looks like you are a dedicated learner. You said you live in Europe..so who do you practice your pashto with?

What drives your passion to learn pashto? You write English well. After Pashto, you will know 3 languages (you speak Polish?).


Are you a journalist if I may ask?

[Badlun]

Badlun wrora,
Can you please explain why objective pronouns are usually used in present perfect tense but not always? What determines this?

The personal pronouns me=ma, you=ta, us=mong, him=hagha, her, it, and them are called objective pronouns because they act as the objects of verbs and prepositions: For example


Palwasha saw her.=Palwasha hagha wolida

Aymal drove us home.= Aymal mong kor ta (pa motor ke)rawrho

She waved at me.=haghey ma ta laas ukhwazawo
He gave you the book=hagha ta ta kitab darko
Khoshal sent him a letter=khoshal hagha ta leek wastawo
I told them the truth=ma haghoi ta rixtya uwayal


In Present Perfect as well as in Past Perfect Tense or elsewhere it depends whether the verb is transitive or intransitive. If the verb needs an object then it will determine the use of Objective pronoun. For example

I have gone=za taley yam , here we do not have objective pronoun because the verb To Go =TLAL does not need object and thus no objective pronoun. But

I have given him my book=Ma hagha la khpal kitab warkarhey dey , here we have the objective pronoun because the verb To Give=WARKAWAL needs object and as book is the object , we need HIM as objective pronoun. If we say I have given....it is not complete. There must be an object and hence an objective pronoun HIM.

[یاسمینه]

Yasmeenah,

It looks like you are a dedicated learner.
Thank you
You said you live in Europe..so who do you practice your pashto with?
With Pashtuns, especially with my Pashtun ustad. There were days when I spoke more Pashto than Polish.

What drives your passion to learn pashto?
Pashtuns My Pashtun friends "have invested" in my Pashto education their time, patience, sometimes money so now I just can't give up. Besides, I really like this language.
You write English well. After Pashto, you will know 3 languages (you speak Polish?). Yes, it's my native language. Apart from these three I am also familiar with few other languages.


Are you a journalist if I may ask?
No, I am not.

Is it a quiz? :D

[zahir]

The personal pronouns me=ma, you=ta, us=mong, him=hagha, her, it, and them are called objective pronouns because they act as the objects of verbs and prepositions: For example


Palwasha saw her.=Palwasha hagha wolida

Aymal drove us home.= Aymal mong kor ta (pa motor ke)rawrho

She waved at me.=haghey ma ta laas ukhwazawo
He gave you the book=hagha ta ta kitab darko
Khoshal sent him a letter=khoshal hagha ta leek wastawo
I told them the truth=ma haghoi ta rixtya uwayal


In Present Perfect as well as in Past Perfect Tense or elsewhere it depends whether the verb is transitive or intransitive. If the verb needs an object then it will determine the use of Objective pronoun. For example

I have gone=za taley yam , here we do not have objective pronoun because the verb To Go =TLAL does not need object and thus no objective pronoun. But

I have given him my book=Ma hagha la khpal kitab warkarhey dey , here we have the objective pronoun because the verb To Give=WARKAWAL needs object and as book is the object , we need HIM as objective pronoun. If we say I have given....it is not complete. There must be an object and hence an objective pronoun HIM.

You're a great teacher! That explained everything I needed to know.

[Badlun]

You're a great teacher! That explained everything I needed to know.

dera manana wrora
khpaley puxtaney mong sara pa brakha kawa , hila laram che zamong tol malgari ba sta da pashto pa zdakrha ke mrasta aw mla tarh kawi

[zahir]

Badlun help! I'm confused about the proper use of "auxiliary verbs" - could, would, should, can.

When you have time, please explain how these should be used.
For example:
I should go there.
They could come here.
I would do that.
He can go also.

[Badlun]

Badlun help! I'm confused about the proper use of "auxiliary verbs" - could, would, should, can.

When you have time, please explain how these should be used.
For example:
I should go there.
They could come here.
I would do that.
He can go also.

I should go there.=za bayad halta larh sham(the word BAYAD is a Persian influence, not usually used by Pakistani Pashtuns. Pure Pashto will be like this: ma la pakar di che halta larh sham. Another more literary word for should is xayeegi/ khayeegi/shayeegi

They could come here.Haghoi dalta ratley shi(some Pashtuns also use the spelling ratlaley) OR Haghoi kawaley shi che dalta rashi

I would do that.= za ba dagha/hagha okam

He can go also.=Hagha hum tley shi OR Hagha kawaley shi che hum larh shi

You can see that in Pashto except SHOULD -bayad, pakar da, khayeegi, there is no especial word for the auxiliary verbs you mentioned but sense of the sentence convey the meaning of the auxiliary verb. The auxiliary verb kedal/shwal ('become') is used some times or the main verb Kawal(to do) as indicated above.

Here is a very good summary for the basics of learning Pashto grammar.
Pashto

[Badlun]

Hey can anyone help with this:

"Dzaka dawai (medicine) tar naroghai da makha da naroghai asaana makhniway de."

I understand the words but do not understand the grammar of "tar..da makha". Can anyone explain the grammar in this and give a few examples. I speak Eastern Dialect of Pakistan.

First please note that there is nothing which is called Eastern dialect of Pakistan. Such wording is a conspiracy against Pashtuns dividing them linguistically as they are already divided politically. It is easy to understand that the dialect of Pashto used in Jalalabad is exactly the same used in Peshawar and the same is true for Quetta and Kandahar. Dialects of Pashto are differentiated Southern(soft) and Northern(hard) not Eastern or Western.

Gramatically tar is preposition and da makha postposition. Pashto uses post positions also as da makha. In English usually prepositions are used.

However the sentence "Dzaka dawai (medicine) tar naroghai da makha da naroghai asaana makhniway de." syntactically makes no sense as if it is the translation of the proverb, prevention is better than cure, then it should be
makhniwey da ilaj na xa dey if its English translation is medicine should be used before the disease, then it should be, dawai da naroghtya na makhkey pakar da

To further clarify please translate the sentence "Dzaka dawai (medicine) tar naroghai da makha da naroghai asaana makhniway de." in English for further discussion. Be careful whether the words are makhkey or da makha.

[Badlun]

Hey, I am sorry. Za pe dase sa khas poha nashoom. Can you explain it more with examples.

Also I saw the sentece here:
http://www.pashtunforums.com/video.p...-101-lesson-26

The English translation of the sentence is

"Dzaka dawai (medicine) tar naroghai da makha da naroghai asaana makhniway de= Because medicine (in the video it is vaccine) is the easy way to prevent a disease.

You know vaccines are used before the attack of the disease as a preventive method. In the video the context shows details of vaccines and diseases.

The same sentence you can write this way too.
dzaka vaccine da naroghtya da makhkey na asan makhniwey dey. da makha is makhkey or makhta which means before, a postposition in Pashto and preposition in English.

[DaZahroJaam.]

d kaka nawey ta sok sa waye?? mana her shaway aow za na ghuwaram chi worta khala ya tror owayum.

[Badlun]

Thank you, I would naturally use:
"Dzaka dawai najortia ta da makhkey na asan makhniway dey" - using ta to indicate relationship of vaccine to disease.

But I still dont understand "tar"d? In my dialect we say "dar ta" as in "dar ta ba za yadigama". Is this "dar" a corruption of "tar"

najorrtya is synonym of naroghtya. Both words are correct.

tar is a preposition which means to or till. tar kum zaye porey zey?= Till which place you will go? Ta is a postposition which also means to or till . Kum zaye ta zey? To which place you go?

Dar ta is also a preposition and basically means to you, dar ta ba uwayam=I will tell you

[Badlun]

d kaka nawey ta sok sa waye?? mana her shaway aow za na ghuwaram chi worta khala ya tror owayum.

da kaka nawey ta spezali pashto ke TENDAR wayee

Tendar is the word for uncle's wife

[NiMade Olga]

Pashto Basic course discussion topic.

Salamoona
I'm with a question... There is a word نوږ and it can be pronounced as nozh/nogh. If I am reading it as "nozh", will it be acceptable to spell it as نوژ?

I don't know why but the forum shows ز instead of ږ ... I tried to change but still

Sent from my iPad using Tapatalk

[Badlun]

Salamoona
I'm with a question... There is a word نوږ and it can be pronounced as nozh/nogh. If I am reading it as "nozh", will it be acceptable to spell it as نو ژ?

I don't know why but the forum shows ز instead of ږ ... I tried to change but still

Sent from my iPad using Tapatalk

نوږ

You are confusing two different Pashto letters ږ called Ge which is a pure Pashto letter and used only in words which are pure Pashto not derived from other languages like Persian while ژ is a Persian letter shared with Pashto used in words where both hard and soft dialects have similar pronunciation like J .

In the first place ږ is pronounced as GE in hard dialect while JE in soft dialect while the other one ژ has the same sound JE every where like JARHA (weeping) but beard is written with ږ and pronounced as Gira in hard dialect while Jira in soft dialect.

The word نوږ is Nojh in soft dialect while Nogh in hard dialect but written the same way with ږ NOT ژ because of its different pronunciation the two dialects. Such words which have different pronunciation in the two dialects are written with the pure Pashto letters for uniformity in writing and every dialect user pronounce it as per his/her dialect.

Can you explain please what is the meaning of the word نوږ?