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Mir Nasir Khan Ahmedzai Baloch (1749-1817)
from Inside Baluchistan
“All those regions where the Baluches are settled are part and parcel of our State.”
Mir Nasir Khan ,the Khan-e`-Baluch VI
Autobiography: The Khan of Kalat
Mir Nasir Khan Ahmedzai Baloch (also known as Nasir Khan Noori and Nasir Khan the Great) is considered to be a
unique ruler in the history of the Baluches by virtues of sterling and extraordinary qualities of head and
heart. Born with a sharp intellect and philosophic bend of mind, he utilized his nine years of imposed
'captivity' under Nadir Shah in studying the history of nations;their rise and falls;their concepts and
ideologies;and the role of religion in the shaping of individuals and states. Such was his bearing even as
a child that Nadir Shah could not help observing:
“This Baluch Prince is destined to become a great
king in the future.”
Mir Nasir Khan was a multi-natured personality of his time. He combined in himself the qualities of
being religious without being a fanatic;a dashing reformer without being despotic; an able general with
rare military foresight; and a firm statesman. In short, he represented a fairly true picture of the ideal
'philosopher-king' whom Plato has defined in his Republic.
He was the first ruler of the region who brought about healthy friendly relations with nations, and knit
the tribal organization of the Baluches into one Baluch entity. He established a Baluch parliament to
function on a workable constitution based on Islamic
Sharia
(Laws) and congenial Baluch traditions.
His devotion to Islam was so deep, and his pity so unshakable that people came to append the word
Wali
, meaning 'a saint' , to his name. Mosques were constructed all over the State, and arrangements
were made on Government level to collect
Zakat
(pool tax incumbent upon all Financially sound
Muslims); and laws militating against Islamic concepts were repealed. Through a special decree he
made
Purdah
(veil) compulsory for all Muslim women irrespective of their age. In short, he rooted out
all social evils and established a truly Islamic social order in Baluchistan. 'Turan' -the original name of
the land-was changed to 'Baluchistan'.
Another significant achievement of Mir Nasir Khan was the rooting out of the Zikri sect,the doctrines
of which negated the basic teachings of Islam. The Caliph in Turkey was so much impressed by his
courageous services in the cause of Islam that he conferred upon him the distinguished titles of
Ghazi-
e-Deen
(Hero of Islam) and
Nasir-e-Millat-e-Mohammadiya
(the supporter of the followers of Prophet
Mohammad, PBUH ).
the outlawing of the Zikri sect was seized by the ambitious Ahmed Shah Abdali of Afghanistan as a
serious issue; and using this incident as a pretext, he advanced towards Kalat in 1758 with his army.
The Baluches put up a tenacious defense and fought fiercely. So sustained and stubborn was the Baluch
Resistance that their long siege tired the Afghan army, which finally had to enter into an agreement
with Mir Nasir Khan. This agreement which is known as the 'Agreement of Kalat', provided that
“
henceforth Baluch forces, under the command of Khan-e`-Baluch would have their due share in all
the future conquests of Ahmed Shah Abdali
”. Thus, what commenced as a bloody war ended as a happy
union, which eventually proved to be a great source of strength to the Afghans.
Consequently, Mir Nasir Khan and the Army of Baluches participated with Ahmed Shah Abdali in
several expeditions;and in some expeditions Nasir Khan was himself in command of the joint forces.
His bold and victorious steering of the Battle of Meshed against the Persians, in particular, so greatly
impressed the Afghan King that the latter gave him the title of
Brather-e`-Wafadar
(the faithful
brother), and made a present of the Shal Region(now Quetta) to his mother,Bibi Maryam.
Similarly, it was Mir Nasir Khan again who, with his army of twenty five thousand Baluches, came to
the help of Ahmed Shah Abdali at the famous Third Battle of Panipat in 1761. It was this combination
of outstanding military valor and fighting skill which crushed once and for all the rising Marhatta
menace in Northern India.
Victory Against the Sikhs
The Sikhs had formed themselves into a force to be reckoned with as early as 1710,when they made
their first incursions into the Upper Doab under Banda-a nondescript follower of Guru Govind Singh.
They had sacked Sharanpur, Ambehtan and Nanavath in the Upper Doab; but moved no further till
after the Third Battle of Panipat in 1761, when they once again resumed their infiltrations deeper into
the region, finally capturing Lahore in 1764, where they established their short-lived Khalsa State
extending from Jhelum to the banks of Jamuna.
It was then that they rose against the Muslims, whose condition was getting progressively weaker due
to the onset of the general decline of the Moghul Empire. Sensing danger to the cause of Islam, Shah
Waliullah of Delhi wrote to Ahmed Shah Abdali and Mir Nasir Khan asking them to help their
brethren-in-faith. This was an open call for
Jehad
(religious war); and Abdali and the Khan-e`-Baluch-
VI, Mir Nasir Khan, responded readily to it, the latter's contribution being a contingent of twelve
thousand warriors headed by himself in the front.
Thus it was that a combined Muslim Army of Afghans and Baluches marched into India to meet their
common foe in 1765. As always, Nasir Khan was in the forefront; but in this particular engagement, he
was more enthusiastic and reckless than ever, for if he fell on the battlefield, it would mean
Shahadat
(martyrdom)-a Divine distinction which every true Muslim must live for.
And so it happened that while Mir Nasir Khan was piercing his way on his horse through the Sikh
ranks in a furious outburst near Lahore, he fell off his steed; and as he fell to the ground, the turban he
was wearing got loose. As a result, his long hair popped out from beneath his head-wear. One of the
Sikh combatants noticing the fall rushed out at him with the sword to secure what could have been his
'prize-kill'. But as fate would have it, another Sikh hastily halted his comrade's blow in the nick of time,
saying that the man(i e Nasir Khan) was a Khalsa(Sikh)!
The Sikh had naturally mistaken the turban-less Nasir Khan for a Sikh! For, his long hair and
unmistakably communal resemblance.
However, by the time the Sikhs became aware of their self-deception, Nasir Khan was once again on
his feet; and the other Baluch Swordsmen, too, charged and drove back the Sikhs, who eventually
suffered a crushing defeat and retreated in haste.
On returning to his camp after the encounter, Mir Nasir Khan immediately sent for a barber and got his
long hair and beard cropped short in strict accordance with requirements of
Sharia
(Islamic code of
conduct).
For a long time after this, he regretted to have missed the enviable attainment of martyrdom in the
cause of Islam on account his resemblance to a
kafir
(infidel) just because of his misleading long hair
and flowing beard.
The Baluches under their Khan had fought so gallantly and successfully against the Sikhs that Ahmed
Shah Abdali was delighted to express his appreciation and gratitude in these words:
“Khan! You once helped us, the Afghans,to become free from the slavery of the Persians by
giving them a crushing defeat; and now once again, on the battlefield of Panjab, you have earned our
gratitude for the selfless and gallant fight against the Sikhs, for which we are proud of you. ”
Military Organization under Nasir Khan
I must here assert that the Baluches are inherently a militant group of tribes. This statement is further
substantiated (not that the fact needs any confirmation) by Firdausi in his famous
Shahnama
in these
words:
Thus, we see the Baluches depicted as: “People with a warlike spirit, wearing exalted plumes,like the
cock's comb, on their turbans. ”
Baluch Society, since ancient times has been military oriented. The annals of Baluch history bear
testimony to the fact that even it's women-folk and children were remarkably skilled in marksmanship
and horse-riding. In fact,every male in the tribe who wore a
shalwar
was a perfect soldier. The
Baluches, therefore never needed to maintain a 'regular army' as understood in the modern sense of the
word. Martial spirit and pursuits were an integral part of their lives. As such, one can almost say that
every Baluch home was an epitome of an army by itself. Thus, though there was no 'recruited' army,
every young and able-bodied man in the tribes held himself in readiness for action whenever his Sardar
made the call.
However, with the passage of time and evolution of tribal Chieftaincy through the ages, the concept of
war-craft underwent a steady transformation, till eventually it assumed the form of a collective fighting
force compromising of baggage-men, footmen, infantrymen, cavalrymen and other essential personnel.
Mir Nasir Khan, himself an accomplished fighter and commander-who had tackled Indian insurgent
elements like the Marhattas and Sikhs, and had watched the Afghan and Persian techniques of warfare-
realized the necessity of maintaining a well-organized army for his Khandom. Accordingly, he chose
and stationed a permanent army unit, called
Dast-e`-Darbar
(Palace Regiment) in his capital,
numbering twelve hundred men. In emergencies, three additional Divisions used to be raised from
among the tribes. These reinforcement units were called
Dasta-e`-Khas
(Special Division);
Dasta-e`-
Doem
(Second Division) or the 'Sarawan Lashkar'; and
Dasta-e`-Soem
(Third Division) or the 'Jhalawan
Lashkar'. The Khan-e`-Baluch, Mir Nasir Khan, was the Supreme Commander of this whole body of
the State Army.
With each
Dasta
or Division went a long retinue of
Loris
(artisans), poets,
Hakeems
(physicians), and
surgeons accompanied by adequate personnel and non combatants to man supplies, transport and
communications. The
Loris
formed,as it were, a 'mobile workshop' during war time, repairing
damaged arms,spears,swords,saddles,horseshoes,tents and other military wares at the base camps not
far off from the scene of action. Their services were thus indispensable to the fighting units.
The
Raizwars
or poets and ballad-singers, too, played an important role during military
engagements,inspiring the warriors and maintaining their morale with their moving verses and
melodious eulogies of the warriors' bravery on the battlefield. These poets and bards were,in fact the
chroniclers, of dates and events past as well as contemporary history, who preserved the age-long
traditions of the Baluches and their fearless performances of valor and chivalry, both on and off the
field.
The
Hakeems
or physicians and surgeons came from the venerable class of Muslims, known as
Saadats
. Well-versed in religion as well as in medicine and surgery, they played a dual role,treating the
wounded and the sick, and leading the congregational prayers and preaching the temporal and spiritual
values of
Jehad
(religious war). Belonging to the genealogical lineage of the Holy Prophet, they
commanded a high place and reverence in the esteem of all.
The Dehwars,Jamotes,Jats, and Hindus were in charge of supplies and transport and other executive
works of the war machinery. The Hindus dealt mainly with supply of rations to the units.
Thus, the entire tribal community contributed its might in an apportioned manner during military
engagements, with each single Baluch actively involved in his respective operation on the field and at
the base.
A word about the army formations and their mode of deployment will not be amiss here. I have already
mentioned that the State Army compromised of three main Divisions,namely
Dasta-e`-Khas
(the
Special Division),
Dasta-e`-Doem
(the Sarawan Division), and
Dasta-e`-Soem
(the Jhalawan Division).
The constituents and strength of each of these Divisions were as under:
The Special Division
This ten thousand one hundred and twenty-strong Division(
Dasta-e`-Khas
) was in the personal
command of the Khan-e`-Azam and placed as the central formation, flanked by the Sarawan Lashkar
on the right, and the Jhalawan Lashkar on the left. The tribe wise breakup of the force was:
1.
Zagar Mengal 1000
2.
Lasi 1000
3.
Kharani 1000
4.
Sanjrani 1000
5.
Marri 1000
6.
Bugti 1000
7.
Derajati 2000
8.
Makrani 1000
9.
Mirwani 100
10.
Qumbarani 50
11.
Altazai 50
12.
Gurnari 100
13.
Qalandarani 100
14.
Samalani 200
15.
Mroduni 200
16.
Dehwar 60
17.
Dehwar of Mastung 60
18.
Jamali 200
_____
Total : 10,120
The Sarawan Division
This Division(
Dasta-e`-Doem
) numbering five thousand and eight hundred compromised of tribes
settled in Sarawan, and was commanded by the Sardar of the Raisani tribe. Its tribe-wise constituents
were:
1.
Raisani 300
2.
Shahwani 800
3.
Bangulzai 500
4.
Kurd 500
5.
Mohammad Shahi 300
6.
Sarprah 300
7.
Lahri 300
8.
Rind 800
9.
Lango 500
10.
Parkari 150
11.
Dehwar of Kalat 50
12.
Various Tribes from Kachi 300
13.
Tribes from Khangarh 500
(Jacobabad)
14.
Tribes from Nasirabad 500
_____
Total: 5,800
The Jhalawan Division
Numbering four thousand and five hundred, this Jahlawani Lashkar (
Dasta-e`-Soem
) was under the
command of the Sardar of the Zarakzai Clan of Zahri Tribe, and compromised of the following other
tribes:
1.
Zahri 800
2.
Mohammad Hasani 800
3.
Bizenjo 300
4.
Mengal 1000
5.
Magsi 800
6.
Sasoli 300
7.
Khadrani 100
8.
Nichari 100
9.
Jatak 100
10.
Bajoi 100
11.
Sajdi 100
____
Total: 4,500
Military Intelligence
Obtaining of intelligence has always been the most important and integral aspect of warfare since time
immemorial. Termed as
Chari
in the Baluchi Language, this unit or -Dasta-, functioned as the
Intelligence Corps of the Khan-e`-Azam's Armed Forces, it's a primary purpose gathering information
of military value. This unit of picked intelligence men was charged with the mission of supplying
information upon which the plan of action would be chalked out. These men would move out
as -Charis- or scouts, from the base camp and penetrate as far deep into the No-man's land as safely
possible in order to reconnoiter the field and observe the enemy positions, assess their strength and
number of cattle and the possible mode of deployment. The news these scouts brought back would
determine the plan and technique of action. If the information they gathered warranted a surprise night
attack, the commander and the ranks would plan their moves accordingly. This move was called
Pasara
. If on the other hand, the scouts reported the enemy positions as poised for forward advance at
any moment, the situation then called for another technique, called
Maidan
, i e frontal engagement in
the open.
If we examine this ancient technique of
Pasara
, it will be seen that the modern Guerrilla Warfare is but
a developed manifestation of these techniques employed by the Baluches in their raids centuries back.
The modus operandi of -Pasara-, or night attack was that, based on the intelligence report of the
-Charis-, or scouts, the army would move forward under the cover of night;and getting as close to the
enemy positions as they could without raising any suspicion,they would entrench themselves at a
convenient striking distance. This halt, or
tamb
as it was called, was virtually a lull before a storm. The
men,breathing watchfully in grim silence, would wait while whispered orders were passed around,
specifying the place they should meet at on the morrow with their spoils. An agreed timing of attack
would be fixed at a precise moment of the darkest hour nearest the dawn. The men would then wait
resolutely, perhaps making mental calculation of the 'prizes' that would fall to them a few hours hence.
And then, with the arrival of the crucial zero-hour, the horsemen would spring out simultaneously like
a cavalcade of untamed fury, followed in the rear by footmen with their swords and spears; and the
enemy taken unaware, would thus find it wiser to do something other than being chopped like a ripe
harvest.
Likewise, if a
Pasara
, or night attack,was not feasible, and the
Charis
, or intelligence men had reported
a possible surprise initiative by the enemy, the army would accordingly prepare to meet the situation.
For this, men were posted in a chain at suitable distances around the camp, each person being replaced
in turn by another fresh sentinel during the watch round the clock. If the enemy launched a full scale
attack, the combatants of the State Army would ensconce themselves in the crevices on the hill slopes
nearby, and roll down heavy boulders upon the advancing hordes. But more often than not, they would
issue forth into the open field the moment they espied the onrush of the enemy. Usually, all three
Divisions joined battle as one co-ordinated force with two flanks and one center.
Weapons
Baluch traditional weapons of war numbered six, as per lullaby which Baluch mothers even today sing
emotionally to the babies at their breasts or in the cradle. This is how a mother wishes to see her son in
his manhood:
“May Alam Din(the son) grow into a white-clothed youth and bind on his person the six weapons:
shield,gun and dagger,and carry his own quiver full of arrows and the Shirazi Sword of the Rinds. May
he ride a swift mare.”
Thus a Baluch mother not only suckles her son with her divine lacteal fluid, but also at the same time
instills a martial spirit in her infant through her maternal secretions, longing to see him grow into a
fearless youth.
However during the times of Mir Nasir Khan, Baluch Military hardware consisted mostly of
matchlocks,pistols(
durhani
),swords,daggers,shields and bags(
kisag
) containing gunpowder.
Matchlocks and pistols were used for making a target of the enemy at a distance; but when the fighting
became a hand-to-hand affair, the traditional weapons like swords,shields and the daggers would come
into their full play. These light and handy weapons were home-made; for practically every Baluch was
a competent armorer during his leisure time. Mending and making these implements of war was a
pastime of the ever-vigilant youths of the Baluch tribal society. Nevertheless, it was also always an
appealing pursuit of the tribesmen to snatch weapons from their enemies and preserve them as
cherished souvenirs, which changed hands from father to son as valuable articles of family
inheritances.
Development of Artillery
Artillery had yet not made its appearance in Baluch engagements on the front. The honor of
introducing artillery in this part of the Indian subcontinent goes to Khan-e`-Azam Mir Nasir Khan, who
did so when he returned victoriously after humbling the Marhattas at the famous Third Battle of
Panipat in 1761, in co-ordination with Ahmed Shah Abdali of Afghanistan.
In the initial stages, the entire artillery strength comprised of only four cannons manned by a hundred
men, who formed a regular unit of the State Army. However, by the time of Mir Khudadad Khan, the
Khan-e`-Baluch-X(1857-93), the artillery unit grew to three hundred artillerymen with twelve standard
sized and several small-sized cannons, all of which were of British make.
It was an established policy of my grandfather, Mir Khudadad Khan, to place each of his sons in full
command of one of his Regiments. These princes would perform the regular duties of a Commandant
on parade grounds during peace-time, as well as during actual army engagements on the battlefield. I
have seen my father, Mir Azam Jan, the Khan-e`-Baluch-XII, in the position and role of a Commandant
of the Artillery Regiment of the State Army.
Apart from other Divisions,my grandfather maintained a regular Reserve Force of five hundred
men,excluding the three hundred strong artillery unit. This group was called
Amala
. Similarly, he had a
cavalry unit of another five hundred men, called
Risala
. All these various units and Divisions
functioned with an auxiliary force of one thousand, who supplemented the total Army as the Transport
Unit.
Transport
There were one thousand sound-bred camels for transport purposes which were used during campaigns
and long marches. One man was in charge of four camels. One hundred horses and camels of the finest
pedigree were reserved for the transport of Court Nobles,State Officials,Elder-men,Saadats and other
high ranking persons.
Whenever the Khan-e`-Azam used to travel between Kalat and Kachi, s retinue of one thousand camels
would accompany him,alternating with another one thousand camels which rested for future occasions.
Donkeys, too, had their due share in civil as well as military activities,these domesticated animals
being used mainly by lower cadres like
Loris
, cooks and other such personnel.
This, then, is a brief account of achievements during the period of Mir Nasir Khan's Life which
eventually ended in 1817, leaving his loving and beloved people in a state of long lasting anguished
mourning. The
Shahinshah
(emperor) of Iran, Mubarak Hussain Safvi, was deeply moved and sent a
special message of condolence to the Baluch people.
May Allah rest the soul of this great patriotic son of the soil in perpetual peace.
Ameen
.
“All those regions where the Baluches are settled are part and parcel of our State.”
Mir Nasir Khan ,the Khan-e`-Baluch VI
His Majesty Mir Nasir Khan Baluch is the Father of Baluchistan, he bought together the Baluch as one
nation under God, a nation state stretching from Bandar Abbas in the west to Kulachi (Karachi)
in the east ,and from Gawader in the south to Harand-Dajal (Dera Ismail Khan) in the north.
The Baluch are engaged in fighting the Pakistani and Iranian occupation for over six decades now.
from Inside Baluchistan
“All those regions where the Baluches are settled are part and parcel of our State.”
Mir Nasir Khan ,the Khan-e`-Baluch VI
Autobiography: The Khan of Kalat
Mir Nasir Khan Ahmedzai Baloch (also known as Nasir Khan Noori and Nasir Khan the Great) is considered to be a
unique ruler in the history of the Baluches by virtues of sterling and extraordinary qualities of head and
heart. Born with a sharp intellect and philosophic bend of mind, he utilized his nine years of imposed
'captivity' under Nadir Shah in studying the history of nations;their rise and falls;their concepts and
ideologies;and the role of religion in the shaping of individuals and states. Such was his bearing even as
a child that Nadir Shah could not help observing:
“This Baluch Prince is destined to become a great
king in the future.”
Mir Nasir Khan was a multi-natured personality of his time. He combined in himself the qualities of
being religious without being a fanatic;a dashing reformer without being despotic; an able general with
rare military foresight; and a firm statesman. In short, he represented a fairly true picture of the ideal
'philosopher-king' whom Plato has defined in his Republic.
He was the first ruler of the region who brought about healthy friendly relations with nations, and knit
the tribal organization of the Baluches into one Baluch entity. He established a Baluch parliament to
function on a workable constitution based on Islamic
Sharia
(Laws) and congenial Baluch traditions.
His devotion to Islam was so deep, and his pity so unshakable that people came to append the word
Wali
, meaning 'a saint' , to his name. Mosques were constructed all over the State, and arrangements
were made on Government level to collect
Zakat
(pool tax incumbent upon all Financially sound
Muslims); and laws militating against Islamic concepts were repealed. Through a special decree he
made
Purdah
(veil) compulsory for all Muslim women irrespective of their age. In short, he rooted out
all social evils and established a truly Islamic social order in Baluchistan. 'Turan' -the original name of
the land-was changed to 'Baluchistan'.
Another significant achievement of Mir Nasir Khan was the rooting out of the Zikri sect,the doctrines
of which negated the basic teachings of Islam. The Caliph in Turkey was so much impressed by his
courageous services in the cause of Islam that he conferred upon him the distinguished titles of
Ghazi-
e-Deen
(Hero of Islam) and
Nasir-e-Millat-e-Mohammadiya
(the supporter of the followers of Prophet
Mohammad, PBUH ).
the outlawing of the Zikri sect was seized by the ambitious Ahmed Shah Abdali of Afghanistan as a
serious issue; and using this incident as a pretext, he advanced towards Kalat in 1758 with his army.
The Baluches put up a tenacious defense and fought fiercely. So sustained and stubborn was the Baluch
Resistance that their long siege tired the Afghan army, which finally had to enter into an agreement
with Mir Nasir Khan. This agreement which is known as the 'Agreement of Kalat', provided that
“
henceforth Baluch forces, under the command of Khan-e`-Baluch would have their due share in all
the future conquests of Ahmed Shah Abdali
”. Thus, what commenced as a bloody war ended as a happy
union, which eventually proved to be a great source of strength to the Afghans.
Consequently, Mir Nasir Khan and the Army of Baluches participated with Ahmed Shah Abdali in
several expeditions;and in some expeditions Nasir Khan was himself in command of the joint forces.
His bold and victorious steering of the Battle of Meshed against the Persians, in particular, so greatly
impressed the Afghan King that the latter gave him the title of
Brather-e`-Wafadar
(the faithful
brother), and made a present of the Shal Region(now Quetta) to his mother,Bibi Maryam.
Similarly, it was Mir Nasir Khan again who, with his army of twenty five thousand Baluches, came to
the help of Ahmed Shah Abdali at the famous Third Battle of Panipat in 1761. It was this combination
of outstanding military valor and fighting skill which crushed once and for all the rising Marhatta
menace in Northern India.
Victory Against the Sikhs
The Sikhs had formed themselves into a force to be reckoned with as early as 1710,when they made
their first incursions into the Upper Doab under Banda-a nondescript follower of Guru Govind Singh.
They had sacked Sharanpur, Ambehtan and Nanavath in the Upper Doab; but moved no further till
after the Third Battle of Panipat in 1761, when they once again resumed their infiltrations deeper into
the region, finally capturing Lahore in 1764, where they established their short-lived Khalsa State
extending from Jhelum to the banks of Jamuna.
It was then that they rose against the Muslims, whose condition was getting progressively weaker due
to the onset of the general decline of the Moghul Empire. Sensing danger to the cause of Islam, Shah
Waliullah of Delhi wrote to Ahmed Shah Abdali and Mir Nasir Khan asking them to help their
brethren-in-faith. This was an open call for
Jehad
(religious war); and Abdali and the Khan-e`-Baluch-
VI, Mir Nasir Khan, responded readily to it, the latter's contribution being a contingent of twelve
thousand warriors headed by himself in the front.
Thus it was that a combined Muslim Army of Afghans and Baluches marched into India to meet their
common foe in 1765. As always, Nasir Khan was in the forefront; but in this particular engagement, he
was more enthusiastic and reckless than ever, for if he fell on the battlefield, it would mean
Shahadat
(martyrdom)-a Divine distinction which every true Muslim must live for.
And so it happened that while Mir Nasir Khan was piercing his way on his horse through the Sikh
ranks in a furious outburst near Lahore, he fell off his steed; and as he fell to the ground, the turban he
was wearing got loose. As a result, his long hair popped out from beneath his head-wear. One of the
Sikh combatants noticing the fall rushed out at him with the sword to secure what could have been his
'prize-kill'. But as fate would have it, another Sikh hastily halted his comrade's blow in the nick of time,
saying that the man(i e Nasir Khan) was a Khalsa(Sikh)!
The Sikh had naturally mistaken the turban-less Nasir Khan for a Sikh! For, his long hair and
unmistakably communal resemblance.
However, by the time the Sikhs became aware of their self-deception, Nasir Khan was once again on
his feet; and the other Baluch Swordsmen, too, charged and drove back the Sikhs, who eventually
suffered a crushing defeat and retreated in haste.
On returning to his camp after the encounter, Mir Nasir Khan immediately sent for a barber and got his
long hair and beard cropped short in strict accordance with requirements of
Sharia
(Islamic code of
conduct).
For a long time after this, he regretted to have missed the enviable attainment of martyrdom in the
cause of Islam on account his resemblance to a
kafir
(infidel) just because of his misleading long hair
and flowing beard.
The Baluches under their Khan had fought so gallantly and successfully against the Sikhs that Ahmed
Shah Abdali was delighted to express his appreciation and gratitude in these words:
“Khan! You once helped us, the Afghans,to become free from the slavery of the Persians by
giving them a crushing defeat; and now once again, on the battlefield of Panjab, you have earned our
gratitude for the selfless and gallant fight against the Sikhs, for which we are proud of you. ”
Military Organization under Nasir Khan
I must here assert that the Baluches are inherently a militant group of tribes. This statement is further
substantiated (not that the fact needs any confirmation) by Firdausi in his famous
Shahnama
in these
words:
Thus, we see the Baluches depicted as: “People with a warlike spirit, wearing exalted plumes,like the
cock's comb, on their turbans. ”
Baluch Society, since ancient times has been military oriented. The annals of Baluch history bear
testimony to the fact that even it's women-folk and children were remarkably skilled in marksmanship
and horse-riding. In fact,every male in the tribe who wore a
shalwar
was a perfect soldier. The
Baluches, therefore never needed to maintain a 'regular army' as understood in the modern sense of the
word. Martial spirit and pursuits were an integral part of their lives. As such, one can almost say that
every Baluch home was an epitome of an army by itself. Thus, though there was no 'recruited' army,
every young and able-bodied man in the tribes held himself in readiness for action whenever his Sardar
made the call.
However, with the passage of time and evolution of tribal Chieftaincy through the ages, the concept of
war-craft underwent a steady transformation, till eventually it assumed the form of a collective fighting
force compromising of baggage-men, footmen, infantrymen, cavalrymen and other essential personnel.
Mir Nasir Khan, himself an accomplished fighter and commander-who had tackled Indian insurgent
elements like the Marhattas and Sikhs, and had watched the Afghan and Persian techniques of warfare-
realized the necessity of maintaining a well-organized army for his Khandom. Accordingly, he chose
and stationed a permanent army unit, called
Dast-e`-Darbar
(Palace Regiment) in his capital,
numbering twelve hundred men. In emergencies, three additional Divisions used to be raised from
among the tribes. These reinforcement units were called
Dasta-e`-Khas
(Special Division);
Dasta-e`-
Doem
(Second Division) or the 'Sarawan Lashkar'; and
Dasta-e`-Soem
(Third Division) or the 'Jhalawan
Lashkar'. The Khan-e`-Baluch, Mir Nasir Khan, was the Supreme Commander of this whole body of
the State Army.
With each
Dasta
or Division went a long retinue of
Loris
(artisans), poets,
Hakeems
(physicians), and
surgeons accompanied by adequate personnel and non combatants to man supplies, transport and
communications. The
Loris
formed,as it were, a 'mobile workshop' during war time, repairing
damaged arms,spears,swords,saddles,horseshoes,tents and other military wares at the base camps not
far off from the scene of action. Their services were thus indispensable to the fighting units.
The
Raizwars
or poets and ballad-singers, too, played an important role during military
engagements,inspiring the warriors and maintaining their morale with their moving verses and
melodious eulogies of the warriors' bravery on the battlefield. These poets and bards were,in fact the
chroniclers, of dates and events past as well as contemporary history, who preserved the age-long
traditions of the Baluches and their fearless performances of valor and chivalry, both on and off the
field.
The
Hakeems
or physicians and surgeons came from the venerable class of Muslims, known as
Saadats
. Well-versed in religion as well as in medicine and surgery, they played a dual role,treating the
wounded and the sick, and leading the congregational prayers and preaching the temporal and spiritual
values of
Jehad
(religious war). Belonging to the genealogical lineage of the Holy Prophet, they
commanded a high place and reverence in the esteem of all.
The Dehwars,Jamotes,Jats, and Hindus were in charge of supplies and transport and other executive
works of the war machinery. The Hindus dealt mainly with supply of rations to the units.
Thus, the entire tribal community contributed its might in an apportioned manner during military
engagements, with each single Baluch actively involved in his respective operation on the field and at
the base.
A word about the army formations and their mode of deployment will not be amiss here. I have already
mentioned that the State Army compromised of three main Divisions,namely
Dasta-e`-Khas
(the
Special Division),
Dasta-e`-Doem
(the Sarawan Division), and
Dasta-e`-Soem
(the Jhalawan Division).
The constituents and strength of each of these Divisions were as under:
The Special Division
This ten thousand one hundred and twenty-strong Division(
Dasta-e`-Khas
) was in the personal
command of the Khan-e`-Azam and placed as the central formation, flanked by the Sarawan Lashkar
on the right, and the Jhalawan Lashkar on the left. The tribe wise breakup of the force was:
1.
Zagar Mengal 1000
2.
Lasi 1000
3.
Kharani 1000
4.
Sanjrani 1000
5.
Marri 1000
6.
Bugti 1000
7.
Derajati 2000
8.
Makrani 1000
9.
Mirwani 100
10.
Qumbarani 50
11.
Altazai 50
12.
Gurnari 100
13.
Qalandarani 100
14.
Samalani 200
15.
Mroduni 200
16.
Dehwar 60
17.
Dehwar of Mastung 60
18.
Jamali 200
_____
Total : 10,120
The Sarawan Division
This Division(
Dasta-e`-Doem
) numbering five thousand and eight hundred compromised of tribes
settled in Sarawan, and was commanded by the Sardar of the Raisani tribe. Its tribe-wise constituents
were:
1.
Raisani 300
2.
Shahwani 800
3.
Bangulzai 500
4.
Kurd 500
5.
Mohammad Shahi 300
6.
Sarprah 300
7.
Lahri 300
8.
Rind 800
9.
Lango 500
10.
Parkari 150
11.
Dehwar of Kalat 50
12.
Various Tribes from Kachi 300
13.
Tribes from Khangarh 500
(Jacobabad)
14.
Tribes from Nasirabad 500
_____
Total: 5,800
The Jhalawan Division
Numbering four thousand and five hundred, this Jahlawani Lashkar (
Dasta-e`-Soem
) was under the
command of the Sardar of the Zarakzai Clan of Zahri Tribe, and compromised of the following other
tribes:
1.
Zahri 800
2.
Mohammad Hasani 800
3.
Bizenjo 300
4.
Mengal 1000
5.
Magsi 800
6.
Sasoli 300
7.
Khadrani 100
8.
Nichari 100
9.
Jatak 100
10.
Bajoi 100
11.
Sajdi 100
____
Total: 4,500
Military Intelligence
Obtaining of intelligence has always been the most important and integral aspect of warfare since time
immemorial. Termed as
Chari
in the Baluchi Language, this unit or -Dasta-, functioned as the
Intelligence Corps of the Khan-e`-Azam's Armed Forces, it's a primary purpose gathering information
of military value. This unit of picked intelligence men was charged with the mission of supplying
information upon which the plan of action would be chalked out. These men would move out
as -Charis- or scouts, from the base camp and penetrate as far deep into the No-man's land as safely
possible in order to reconnoiter the field and observe the enemy positions, assess their strength and
number of cattle and the possible mode of deployment. The news these scouts brought back would
determine the plan and technique of action. If the information they gathered warranted a surprise night
attack, the commander and the ranks would plan their moves accordingly. This move was called
Pasara
. If on the other hand, the scouts reported the enemy positions as poised for forward advance at
any moment, the situation then called for another technique, called
Maidan
, i e frontal engagement in
the open.
If we examine this ancient technique of
Pasara
, it will be seen that the modern Guerrilla Warfare is but
a developed manifestation of these techniques employed by the Baluches in their raids centuries back.
The modus operandi of -Pasara-, or night attack was that, based on the intelligence report of the
-Charis-, or scouts, the army would move forward under the cover of night;and getting as close to the
enemy positions as they could without raising any suspicion,they would entrench themselves at a
convenient striking distance. This halt, or
tamb
as it was called, was virtually a lull before a storm. The
men,breathing watchfully in grim silence, would wait while whispered orders were passed around,
specifying the place they should meet at on the morrow with their spoils. An agreed timing of attack
would be fixed at a precise moment of the darkest hour nearest the dawn. The men would then wait
resolutely, perhaps making mental calculation of the 'prizes' that would fall to them a few hours hence.
And then, with the arrival of the crucial zero-hour, the horsemen would spring out simultaneously like
a cavalcade of untamed fury, followed in the rear by footmen with their swords and spears; and the
enemy taken unaware, would thus find it wiser to do something other than being chopped like a ripe
harvest.
Likewise, if a
Pasara
, or night attack,was not feasible, and the
Charis
, or intelligence men had reported
a possible surprise initiative by the enemy, the army would accordingly prepare to meet the situation.
For this, men were posted in a chain at suitable distances around the camp, each person being replaced
in turn by another fresh sentinel during the watch round the clock. If the enemy launched a full scale
attack, the combatants of the State Army would ensconce themselves in the crevices on the hill slopes
nearby, and roll down heavy boulders upon the advancing hordes. But more often than not, they would
issue forth into the open field the moment they espied the onrush of the enemy. Usually, all three
Divisions joined battle as one co-ordinated force with two flanks and one center.
Weapons
Baluch traditional weapons of war numbered six, as per lullaby which Baluch mothers even today sing
emotionally to the babies at their breasts or in the cradle. This is how a mother wishes to see her son in
his manhood:
“May Alam Din(the son) grow into a white-clothed youth and bind on his person the six weapons:
shield,gun and dagger,and carry his own quiver full of arrows and the Shirazi Sword of the Rinds. May
he ride a swift mare.”
Thus a Baluch mother not only suckles her son with her divine lacteal fluid, but also at the same time
instills a martial spirit in her infant through her maternal secretions, longing to see him grow into a
fearless youth.
However during the times of Mir Nasir Khan, Baluch Military hardware consisted mostly of
matchlocks,pistols(
durhani
),swords,daggers,shields and bags(
kisag
) containing gunpowder.
Matchlocks and pistols were used for making a target of the enemy at a distance; but when the fighting
became a hand-to-hand affair, the traditional weapons like swords,shields and the daggers would come
into their full play. These light and handy weapons were home-made; for practically every Baluch was
a competent armorer during his leisure time. Mending and making these implements of war was a
pastime of the ever-vigilant youths of the Baluch tribal society. Nevertheless, it was also always an
appealing pursuit of the tribesmen to snatch weapons from their enemies and preserve them as
cherished souvenirs, which changed hands from father to son as valuable articles of family
inheritances.
Development of Artillery
Artillery had yet not made its appearance in Baluch engagements on the front. The honor of
introducing artillery in this part of the Indian subcontinent goes to Khan-e`-Azam Mir Nasir Khan, who
did so when he returned victoriously after humbling the Marhattas at the famous Third Battle of
Panipat in 1761, in co-ordination with Ahmed Shah Abdali of Afghanistan.
In the initial stages, the entire artillery strength comprised of only four cannons manned by a hundred
men, who formed a regular unit of the State Army. However, by the time of Mir Khudadad Khan, the
Khan-e`-Baluch-X(1857-93), the artillery unit grew to three hundred artillerymen with twelve standard
sized and several small-sized cannons, all of which were of British make.
It was an established policy of my grandfather, Mir Khudadad Khan, to place each of his sons in full
command of one of his Regiments. These princes would perform the regular duties of a Commandant
on parade grounds during peace-time, as well as during actual army engagements on the battlefield. I
have seen my father, Mir Azam Jan, the Khan-e`-Baluch-XII, in the position and role of a Commandant
of the Artillery Regiment of the State Army.
Apart from other Divisions,my grandfather maintained a regular Reserve Force of five hundred
men,excluding the three hundred strong artillery unit. This group was called
Amala
. Similarly, he had a
cavalry unit of another five hundred men, called
Risala
. All these various units and Divisions
functioned with an auxiliary force of one thousand, who supplemented the total Army as the Transport
Unit.
Transport
There were one thousand sound-bred camels for transport purposes which were used during campaigns
and long marches. One man was in charge of four camels. One hundred horses and camels of the finest
pedigree were reserved for the transport of Court Nobles,State Officials,Elder-men,Saadats and other
high ranking persons.
Whenever the Khan-e`-Azam used to travel between Kalat and Kachi, s retinue of one thousand camels
would accompany him,alternating with another one thousand camels which rested for future occasions.
Donkeys, too, had their due share in civil as well as military activities,these domesticated animals
being used mainly by lower cadres like
Loris
, cooks and other such personnel.
This, then, is a brief account of achievements during the period of Mir Nasir Khan's Life which
eventually ended in 1817, leaving his loving and beloved people in a state of long lasting anguished
mourning. The
Shahinshah
(emperor) of Iran, Mubarak Hussain Safvi, was deeply moved and sent a
special message of condolence to the Baluch people.
May Allah rest the soul of this great patriotic son of the soil in perpetual peace.
Ameen
.
“All those regions where the Baluches are settled are part and parcel of our State.”
Mir Nasir Khan ,the Khan-e`-Baluch VI
His Majesty Mir Nasir Khan Baluch is the Father of Baluchistan, he bought together the Baluch as one
nation under God, a nation state stretching from Bandar Abbas in the west to Kulachi (Karachi)
in the east ,and from Gawader in the south to Harand-Dajal (Dera Ismail Khan) in the north.
The Baluch are engaged in fighting the Pakistani and Iranian occupation for over six decades now.