The city of Peshawur is not only a great commercial centre, but situated as it is at the gate of Central Asia, it is regarded as the most important military outpost in our Indian Empire.
During the winter months Peshawur is the great commercial mart for the whole of Central Asia, and its streets are crowded with motley groups of strangers from Cabul, Ghuznee, Chitral, Kohistan, Pugwar, Khawak, and hundreds of unheard-of-places known only to Europeans who take Lord Salisbury’s advice, and study “large maps” of Central Asian Provinces.
Some quotes from before the Peshawar valley was fully integrated into the British Indian empire, clearly showing that Peshawar was a hub for Central Asian peoples, not Indians. Nowadays even Kabul, let alone Peshawar, is considered "South Asia," which is ridiculous. The British have redefined Pashtuns and Afghans as "South Asians" because of their political reality of interacting with us through India, and this has in turn influenced Afghans and Pashtuns into over-emphasizing our historical relationship with India, at the expense of our historically stronger ties to the Muslim world to our west and north.
Some other interesting quotes about Peshawar circa the 1870's:
It contains an area of 2,400 square miles, and is divided through its whole extent by the Cabul River (the ancient Cophes), which falls into the Indus immediately above Attock. The population of the entire district is estimated at 524,000, and the whole of the village population consists of Afghans, speaking the Afghan language (Pushto), and intermarrying with the Afghans of the surrounding hills, as well as with those of the kingdom of Cabul.
The native city of Peshawur is a flourishing town about five miles in circuit, and contains 60,000 inhabitants of mixed races of Afghans, Sikhs, and Hindus, about two-thirds of the inhabitants being Mahomedans.
But Peshawur is not only known to the Central Asian world as a place of merchandise, but it has always had its reputation as a centre of learning, for Akhund Darweza, Pir Baba, Kaka Sahib, and more recently the Akhund of Swat, are names as well known in the Mahomedan theological world as Westcott, and Pusey, and Stanley, are known to modern Englishmen. Consequently an extensive book trade is carried on at Peshawur, and every year numerous camel-loads of Korans and other religious books find their way over the steep mountain passes to the regions of Turkistan and Badakshan, for the cheapness of litho- graphic printing has promoted the study of Maliomedan books, which are printed by thousands at Delhi, Lucknow, Cawnpore, and Bombay. Peshawur has also been the source of most of the Afghan literature, and the great national poet of the Afghans, Abdur Rahman, lies buried 111 a graveyard not far from the city.

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