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Pashto is a S-O-V language with split ergativity. Adjectives come before nouns. Nouns and adjectives are inflected for gender (masc./fem.), number (sing./plur.), and case (direct, oblique I, oblique II and vocative). The verb system is very intricate with the following tenses: present; subjunctive; simple past; past progressive; present perfect; and past perfect. In any of the past tenses (simple past, past progressive, present perfect, past perfect), Pashto is an ergative language; i.e., transitive verbs in any of the past tenses agree with the object of the sentence. The dialects show many non-standard grammatical features, some of which are archaisms or descendants of old forms that are discarded by the literary language.
Contents [hide]
1 Pronouns
1.1 Personal pronouns
1.2 Demonstrative pronouns
1.3 Possessive pronouns
1.4 Interrogative pronouns
2 Nouns
2.1 Case
2.2 Gender
2.3 Number
2.4 Definiteness
3 Adjectives
4 Verbs
5 Numbers
6 External links
[edit]Pronouns
[edit]Personal pronouns
Arranged by Haroon Amiri
Singular Plural
1st 2nd 3rd (visible) 3rd (invis.) 1st 2nd 3rd (visible) 3rd (invis.)
Masc. Fem. Masc. Fem.
(English) I you (sing.) he she he (invis.) she (invis.) we you (plur.) they they (invis.)
Direct زۀ
zə تۀ
tə دی
dai دا
dā هغه
haγa موږ
muγ̌ تاسې
tāse دوی
duy هغوی
haγuy
Indirect ما
mā تا
tā دۀ
də دې
de هغۀ
haγə هغې
haγe
[edit]Demonstrative pronouns
daγa (this) and haγa (that)
Singular Plural Singular Plural
Masc. Fem. Masc. Fem.
Direct دغه (or دا)
daγa (or da) هغه (or ها)
haγa (or hā)
Indirect دغۀ (or دې)
daγə (or de) دغې (or دې)
daγe (or de) دغو (or دې)
daγo (or de) هغۀ
haγə هغې
haγe هغو
haγo
[edit]Possessive pronouns
Independent forms
Person Singular Plural
1st زما
zmā زموږ
zmuγ̌
2nd ستا
stā ستاسې
stāse
3rd (visible) د دۀ
də də (masc.)
د دې
də de (fem.)
د دوی
də duy
3rd (invis.) د هغۀ
də haγə (masc.)
د هغې
də haγe (fem.)
د هغوی
də haγuy
Enclitic forms
Person Singular Plural
1st ـمې
-me ـمو
-mo
2nd ـدې
-de ـمو
-mo
3rd ـیې
-ye ـیې
-ye
[edit]Interrogative pronouns
(English) who whose
Direct څوک
cok د چا
də čā
Indirect چا
čā
[edit]Nouns
[edit]Case
Unlike Persian, which has lost almost all forms of declensions, Pashto still inflects nouns into four grammatical cases: direct, oblique I, oblique II and vocative. The oblique I case is used as prepositional case as well as in the past tense as the subject of transitive verbs, and the oblique II case is used as ablative case.
The following table shows the declension of the masculine noun γar (mountain):
Singular Plural
Direct γar γruna
Oblique I γrə γruno
Oblique II γara γruno
Vocative γra γruno
The following table shows the declension of the masculine noun žwandun (life):
Singular Plural
Direct žwandun žwandununa
Oblique I žwandānə žwandānāno
Oblique II žwanduna žwandānāno
Vocative žwanduna žwandānāno
The following table shows the declension of the masculine noun wror (brother):
Singular Plural
Direct wror wrunna
Oblique I wror wrunno
Oblique II wrora wrunno
Vocative wrora wrunno
The following table shows the declension of the masculine noun kor (house):
Singular Plural
Direct kor koruna
Oblique I kor koruno
Oblique II kora koruno
Vocative kora koruno
The following table shows the declension of the masculine noun atal (hero):
Singular Plural
Direct atal atəl(ān)
Oblique I atəl atəlo
Oblique II atəla atəlo
Vocative atəla atəlo
The following table shows the declension of sarrai (man), a masculine noun with ending "ai":
Singular Plural
Direct sarrai sarri
Oblique I sarri sarro
Oblique II sarriya sarro
Vocative sarriya sarro
The following table shows the declension of xhədza (woman), a feminine noun with ending "a":
Singular Plural
Direct xhədza x̌əje
Oblique I xhədze x̌əjo
Oblique II xhədze x̌əjo
Vocative xhədze x̌əjo
The following table shows the declension of the feminine noun marrəi (food) with ending "əi":
Singular Plural
Direct marrəi marrəi
Oblique I marrəi marro
Oblique II marrəi marro
Vocative marrəi marro
The following table shows the declension of the feminine noun wrədz (day):
Singular Plural
Direct wrədz wrədze
Oblique I wrədz wrədzo
Oblique II wrədza wrədzo
Vocative wrədze wrədzo
The following table shows the declension of the feminine noun mor (mother):
Singular Plural
Direct mor maynde
Oblique I mor mayndo
Oblique II mora mayndo
Vocative more mayndo
[edit]Gender
There are two genders: masculine and feminine.
[edit]Number
There are two numbers: singular and plural.
[edit]Definiteness
There is no definiteness, but the demonstratives da/de (this, these) and hā/haγə/haγe/haγo (that, those), and the cardinal number yaw/ywə/ywa (one masc.) and ywa/ywe (one fem.) are used when it is necessary to indicate definiteness.
[edit]Adjectives
The adjectives agree with the nouns they modify in gender, number, and case.
Singular Plural
Masculine Feminine Masculine Feminine
Direct - -a -ə -e
Oblique I -ə -e -o -o
Oblique II -a -e -о -o
Vocative
[edit]Verbs
Present tense of "to be":
Person Singular Plural
1st zə yəm muγ̌ yu
2nd tə ye tāse yāst/yəi
3rd dai dae
dā da
duy di
Past tense of "to be":
Person Singular Plural
1st zə wəm muγ̌ wu
2nd tə we tāse wəi
3rd (masc.) dai wə duy wi
3rd (fam.) dā wa duy we
[edit]Numbers
Cardinal Numbers (direct case, masc.)
0 هیڅ/صفر sifər/hic
1 يو yaw
2 دوه dwa
3 درې dre
4 څلور calor
5 پنځۀ pinjə
6 شپړ špaγ̌
7 اووۀ uwə
8 آتۀ ātə
9 نه nəh
10 لس las
Ordinal Numbers (direct case, masc., sing.)
1st لومړی lumrrai
2nd دوهم doham
3rd درېيم dreyam
4th څلورم caloram
5th پنځم pinjam
6th شپړم špaγ̌am
7th اووم uwam
8th آتم ātam
9th نهم nəham
10th لسم lasam
Contents [hide]
1 Pronouns
1.1 Personal pronouns
1.2 Demonstrative pronouns
1.3 Possessive pronouns
1.4 Interrogative pronouns
2 Nouns
2.1 Case
2.2 Gender
2.3 Number
2.4 Definiteness
3 Adjectives
4 Verbs
5 Numbers
6 External links
[edit]Pronouns
[edit]Personal pronouns
Arranged by Haroon Amiri
Singular Plural
1st 2nd 3rd (visible) 3rd (invis.) 1st 2nd 3rd (visible) 3rd (invis.)
Masc. Fem. Masc. Fem.
(English) I you (sing.) he she he (invis.) she (invis.) we you (plur.) they they (invis.)
Direct زۀ
zə تۀ
tə دی
dai دا
dā هغه
haγa موږ
muγ̌ تاسې
tāse دوی
duy هغوی
haγuy
Indirect ما
mā تا
tā دۀ
də دې
de هغۀ
haγə هغې
haγe
[edit]Demonstrative pronouns
daγa (this) and haγa (that)
Singular Plural Singular Plural
Masc. Fem. Masc. Fem.
Direct دغه (or دا)
daγa (or da) هغه (or ها)
haγa (or hā)
Indirect دغۀ (or دې)
daγə (or de) دغې (or دې)
daγe (or de) دغو (or دې)
daγo (or de) هغۀ
haγə هغې
haγe هغو
haγo
[edit]Possessive pronouns
Independent forms
Person Singular Plural
1st زما
zmā زموږ
zmuγ̌
2nd ستا
stā ستاسې
stāse
3rd (visible) د دۀ
də də (masc.)
د دې
də de (fem.)
د دوی
də duy
3rd (invis.) د هغۀ
də haγə (masc.)
د هغې
də haγe (fem.)
د هغوی
də haγuy
Enclitic forms
Person Singular Plural
1st ـمې
-me ـمو
-mo
2nd ـدې
-de ـمو
-mo
3rd ـیې
-ye ـیې
-ye
[edit]Interrogative pronouns
(English) who whose
Direct څوک
cok د چا
də čā
Indirect چا
čā
[edit]Nouns
[edit]Case
Unlike Persian, which has lost almost all forms of declensions, Pashto still inflects nouns into four grammatical cases: direct, oblique I, oblique II and vocative. The oblique I case is used as prepositional case as well as in the past tense as the subject of transitive verbs, and the oblique II case is used as ablative case.
The following table shows the declension of the masculine noun γar (mountain):
Singular Plural
Direct γar γruna
Oblique I γrə γruno
Oblique II γara γruno
Vocative γra γruno
The following table shows the declension of the masculine noun žwandun (life):
Singular Plural
Direct žwandun žwandununa
Oblique I žwandānə žwandānāno
Oblique II žwanduna žwandānāno
Vocative žwanduna žwandānāno
The following table shows the declension of the masculine noun wror (brother):
Singular Plural
Direct wror wrunna
Oblique I wror wrunno
Oblique II wrora wrunno
Vocative wrora wrunno
The following table shows the declension of the masculine noun kor (house):
Singular Plural
Direct kor koruna
Oblique I kor koruno
Oblique II kora koruno
Vocative kora koruno
The following table shows the declension of the masculine noun atal (hero):
Singular Plural
Direct atal atəl(ān)
Oblique I atəl atəlo
Oblique II atəla atəlo
Vocative atəla atəlo
The following table shows the declension of sarrai (man), a masculine noun with ending "ai":
Singular Plural
Direct sarrai sarri
Oblique I sarri sarro
Oblique II sarriya sarro
Vocative sarriya sarro
The following table shows the declension of xhədza (woman), a feminine noun with ending "a":
Singular Plural
Direct xhədza x̌əje
Oblique I xhədze x̌əjo
Oblique II xhədze x̌əjo
Vocative xhədze x̌əjo
The following table shows the declension of the feminine noun marrəi (food) with ending "əi":
Singular Plural
Direct marrəi marrəi
Oblique I marrəi marro
Oblique II marrəi marro
Vocative marrəi marro
The following table shows the declension of the feminine noun wrədz (day):
Singular Plural
Direct wrədz wrədze
Oblique I wrədz wrədzo
Oblique II wrədza wrədzo
Vocative wrədze wrədzo
The following table shows the declension of the feminine noun mor (mother):
Singular Plural
Direct mor maynde
Oblique I mor mayndo
Oblique II mora mayndo
Vocative more mayndo
[edit]Gender
There are two genders: masculine and feminine.
[edit]Number
There are two numbers: singular and plural.
[edit]Definiteness
There is no definiteness, but the demonstratives da/de (this, these) and hā/haγə/haγe/haγo (that, those), and the cardinal number yaw/ywə/ywa (one masc.) and ywa/ywe (one fem.) are used when it is necessary to indicate definiteness.
[edit]Adjectives
The adjectives agree with the nouns they modify in gender, number, and case.
Singular Plural
Masculine Feminine Masculine Feminine
Direct - -a -ə -e
Oblique I -ə -e -o -o
Oblique II -a -e -о -o
Vocative
[edit]Verbs
Present tense of "to be":
Person Singular Plural
1st zə yəm muγ̌ yu
2nd tə ye tāse yāst/yəi
3rd dai dae
dā da
duy di
Past tense of "to be":
Person Singular Plural
1st zə wəm muγ̌ wu
2nd tə we tāse wəi
3rd (masc.) dai wə duy wi
3rd (fam.) dā wa duy we
[edit]Numbers
Cardinal Numbers (direct case, masc.)
0 هیڅ/صفر sifər/hic
1 يو yaw
2 دوه dwa
3 درې dre
4 څلور calor
5 پنځۀ pinjə
6 شپړ špaγ̌
7 اووۀ uwə
8 آتۀ ātə
9 نه nəh
10 لس las
Ordinal Numbers (direct case, masc., sing.)
1st لومړی lumrrai
2nd دوهم doham
3rd درېيم dreyam
4th څلورم caloram
5th پنځم pinjam
6th شپړم špaγ̌am
7th اووم uwam
8th آتم ātam
9th نهم nəham
10th لسم lasam
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