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Inside IBM's cognitive chip
What's new, and old, about the latest in computing.
Today IBM unveiled a new 'cognitive computing' microchip that, according to
the company, emulates some of the brain's abilities. The chip is the latest
development in an ongoing programme by the Defense Advanced Research
Projects Agency (DARPA), based in Arlington, Virginia, to develop systems
that can analyse complex information. Nature takes a peek under the hood of
the new chip.
IBM's brainy new chip can apparently play Pong
like a pro.
Does this use some new kind of technology?
No. The chip unveiled today uses the workhorse of everyday electronics,
known as complementary metal-oxide semiconductors (CMOS). Each core
contains 256 clusters of transistors and thousands of random access
memory (RAM) elements. Compared to modern electronics, the total
computing power is tiny. "It's a worm-scale chip," says Dharmendra Modha,
the manager of IBM's cognitive computing programme.
So what's new then?
The difference is the way the transistors and memory are wired together.
In a conventional computer, the computational elements are mostly in the
central processing unit, while the RAM sits off to one side. In the cognitive
chips, the computational elements and RAM are wired together.
How is this like a brain?
The theory is that the computational components act as 'neurons', while
the RAM units act as the 'synapses', which connect the neurons together.
In a real brain, neurons receive electrical pulses from synapses until a
sufficient voltage builds up across their membrane. The neuron then
discharges, sending signals to other neurons via the synapses.
In the cognitive chip, a pattern of signals from the RAM can cause a
computational element to carry out a simple operation. The result goes to
another RAM synapse, which can send signals to other computational
neurons. In this way, the chip is "inspired" by the brain's architecture,
Modha says.
What's the advantage of building chips like these?
The main benefit is decreasing power consumption. Because the memory
and computation are intermingled, less energy is wasted shuffling electrons
back and forth. The new chips have the potential to be orders of
magnitude more efficient than a conventional computer, according to Rajit
Manohar, an electrical and computer engineer at Cornell University in
Ithaca, New York, and member of the DARPA collaboration.
In terms of speed, it's believed that the chips will be particularly good at
crunching certain kinds of problems, such as pattern recognition, but they
may not be as good as a regular computer at handling other tasks.
What comes next?
The success of these first chips has led DARPA to award US$21 million for
further development. Meanwhile, IBM researchers are constructing
algorithms that are adept at speech recognition and problem solving. Their
Watson supercomputer, for example, which was victoriuous over human
competitors on the American quiz show Jeopardy! (see Quiz-playing
computer system could revolutionize research), currently requires a room
full of power-hungry processors. Manohar hopes that low-power cognitive
chips could do the job just as well. "Our goal is basically to meet in the
middle," he says.
What's new, and old, about the latest in computing.
Today IBM unveiled a new 'cognitive computing' microchip that, according to
the company, emulates some of the brain's abilities. The chip is the latest
development in an ongoing programme by the Defense Advanced Research
Projects Agency (DARPA), based in Arlington, Virginia, to develop systems
that can analyse complex information. Nature takes a peek under the hood of
the new chip.
IBM's brainy new chip can apparently play Pong
like a pro.
Does this use some new kind of technology?
No. The chip unveiled today uses the workhorse of everyday electronics,
known as complementary metal-oxide semiconductors (CMOS). Each core
contains 256 clusters of transistors and thousands of random access
memory (RAM) elements. Compared to modern electronics, the total
computing power is tiny. "It's a worm-scale chip," says Dharmendra Modha,
the manager of IBM's cognitive computing programme.
So what's new then?
The difference is the way the transistors and memory are wired together.
In a conventional computer, the computational elements are mostly in the
central processing unit, while the RAM sits off to one side. In the cognitive
chips, the computational elements and RAM are wired together.
How is this like a brain?
The theory is that the computational components act as 'neurons', while
the RAM units act as the 'synapses', which connect the neurons together.
In a real brain, neurons receive electrical pulses from synapses until a
sufficient voltage builds up across their membrane. The neuron then
discharges, sending signals to other neurons via the synapses.
In the cognitive chip, a pattern of signals from the RAM can cause a
computational element to carry out a simple operation. The result goes to
another RAM synapse, which can send signals to other computational
neurons. In this way, the chip is "inspired" by the brain's architecture,
Modha says.
What's the advantage of building chips like these?
The main benefit is decreasing power consumption. Because the memory
and computation are intermingled, less energy is wasted shuffling electrons
back and forth. The new chips have the potential to be orders of
magnitude more efficient than a conventional computer, according to Rajit
Manohar, an electrical and computer engineer at Cornell University in
Ithaca, New York, and member of the DARPA collaboration.
In terms of speed, it's believed that the chips will be particularly good at
crunching certain kinds of problems, such as pattern recognition, but they
may not be as good as a regular computer at handling other tasks.
What comes next?
The success of these first chips has led DARPA to award US$21 million for
further development. Meanwhile, IBM researchers are constructing
algorithms that are adept at speech recognition and problem solving. Their
Watson supercomputer, for example, which was victoriuous over human
competitors on the American quiz show Jeopardy! (see Quiz-playing
computer system could revolutionize research), currently requires a room
full of power-hungry processors. Manohar hopes that low-power cognitive
chips could do the job just as well. "Our goal is basically to meet in the
middle," he says.
