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  • #76
    Update

    - Erdogan has declared that there will be new elections in November.

    - Erdogan has continued arresting people, left, right and centre for "insulting" him.

    - Erdogan is continuing to destabilize the middle east e.g. Syria and Iraq through his support for terrorism.




    Man arrested for "insulting" Erdogan's daughter.

    Link


    Erdogan alleged to be planning a major crackdown on opposition media.

    Link

    Erdogan sues visually-impaired journalist for the second time.

    Link.



    The blind journalist whom Erdogan is suing on the left.


    More people arrested for "insulting" Erdogan than for "insulting" Ataturk.

    It has been a year since Recep Tayyip Erdoğan was elected president on Aug. 10, 2014, but Erdoğan has sued so many people over charges of insulting the president during this short span of time that the number of people tried under this charge has already exceeded those who were tried over the past 64 years under a notorious law for criticizing the nation's founder, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk.

    Since Erdoğan was elected president, scores of people, including journalists, intellectuals, activists as well as children, have been detained or arrested on the grounds of insulting the head of state.

    Even though there is an article in the Constitution that criminalizes insulting the president, the article had not been applied until Erdoğan's presidency.
    Link.




    Kurdish neighbourhoods in Turkey have taken up arms and declared autonomy.

    Link


    100 people killed since last month in Kurdish uprising.

    More than 100 people — mostly soldiers and police — have been killed since July in renewed conflict between the outlawed Kurdistan Workers' Party, or PKK, and the security forces.
    Link.
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    Comment

    • #77
      Kurdish uprising in Turkey.

      Video from Yuksekova in the south-east, around a dozen killed in clashes between opposition and security forces.

      https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6byEme2aFE0
      https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6byEme2aFE0




      Comment


      Erdogan will probably win the November elections.

      He will achieve in the November elections what he failed to do in the June elections i.e. form an AKP government.

      Technically he is supposed to be a neutral president not aligned to any party. However Erdogan has very little respect for Turkish law and regularly breaks the law e.g. disregard for a court order banning his meglomaniac 1,000+ room palace in Ankara.

      Breaking Turkish law he is overtly siding with the AKP.

      In the previous elections the AKP lost control of the government because the HDP (secular pro-homosexual Kurdish party) gained over 10% of the votes meaning they entered parliament.

      Turkish law stipulates that if a party fails to achieve over 10% of votes they do not enter parliament. It looks like this time the HDP will not get over 10% of the votes due to it now being seen as allied to Kurdish terrorists, thus the seats that would have been given to the HDP will be shared out amongst other parties once again making the AKP the ruling party.

      This will be a major victory for Erdogan and he will try and continue to work to making Turkey a dictatorship in all but name as he is successfully doing, where

      - All "insults" of him are banned.
      - The judiciary is controlled by him, so corruption by him and his family cannot be stopped.
      - All opposition media is basically harassed, so the media are basically his mouthpieces.


      Turkey has never been a democratic or tolerant society anyway, so this is nothing too new.

      However what will be new is the radical departure from the Turkish Republic's ideology of non-interventionism in foreign affairs.

      Erdogan will carry on the role assigned to him by his masters in Washington DC and Langley Virginia which is to:

      - Destabilize the middle east e.g. through support of terrorists and radicals.

      - Make Turkey the de facto "Godfather", "leader" of the Muslim world which bosses all Muslim countries around.

      - To use "Islamists" and pan-Turkists to weaken Russia and China as per American orders.



      The evil Bernard Lewis, a close associate of war criminal Henry Kissinger, suspected in being a key figure in the plan to use Turkey to destabilize the Muslim world and America's rivals, China and Russia.


      Will this plan work?


      NO


      Americans are stupid and are clowns.

      - They failed in Somalia where they were kicked out by Somali tribesmen.

      - They failed in Lebanon where they were kicked out by Lebanese forces.

      - They failed in Cuba.

      - They have been humiliated in Ukraine.

      - The Chinese are too clever, cunning and long-term strategic thinkers as opposed to the relatively young pirate state that is the USA.



      Somalis with a captured American soldier. Somalia being one in the long list of American failures and humiliations over the years.


      The Russians and Chinese are ready.

      * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

      Comment

      • #78
        Youngster sentenced to 11 months in prison for ‘insulting Erdoğan’

        KONYA – Doğan News Agency


        Youngster sentenced to 11 months in prison for ‘insulting Erdoğan’





        A high school student has been sentenced to 11 months in prison for allegedly insulting Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan in the Central Anatolian province of Konya.

        The 17-year-old student, identified only by the initials M.E.A., was sentenced to 11 months and 20 days in prison on allegations that he insulted Erdoğan in a speech delivered on Dec. 23, 2014 during a local commemoration ceremony for Mustafa Fehmi Kubilay, a soldier killed 84 years ago in the Aegean province of İzmir.

        Following the investigation launched into his speech, M.E.A. was detained at his school in Konya on Dec. 24, 2014 and then formally arrested after appearing at court.

        Another court later objected to his arrest after 100 attorneys, including M.E.A.’s lawyer Barış İspir, filed a petition. He was released pending trial on Dec. 26, 2014, after spending only two nights in detention.

        M.E.A. has been tried without arrest since, with the Justice Ministry granting permission for him to be tried in a juvenile court.

        His case was heard in the Konya 3rd Juvenile Court on Sept. 11, with the court sentencing him to 11 months and 20 days in prison on charges of “insulting the Turkish president.”

        http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/youngster-sentenced-to-11-months-in-prison-for-insulting-erdogan.aspx?pageID=238&nID=88374&NewsCatID=341
        A high school student has been sentenced to 11 months in prison for allegedly insulting Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan in the Central Anatolian province of Konya.
        * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

        Comment

        • #79
          Man arrested on charges of insulting Erdoğan without evidence

          September 18, 2015, Friday/ 12:11:48/ TODAY'S ZAMAN / ISTANBUL

          Accused of insulting Erdoğan, Turkish man to wear electronic tags under house arrest


          A man in the province of Adana has been arrested by the Yumurtalık Penal Court of Peace on charges of insulting President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan based only on a tip-off, which was not backed by any concrete evidence.
          According to media reports, 56-year-old Fahri Katrancı, who lives in Yumurtalık, was recently detained after one his friends, Kemal Erallı, filed a complaint against him on the charges of insulting Erdoğan during a conversation that took place between Katrancı, Erallı and two other men named Habip Salıç and Sıtkı Öztürk. After Erallı's complaint, Salıç and Öztürk also went to the police stations and said that they witnessed Katrancı insulting Erdoğan.

          Katrancı was recently arrested by the Yumurtalık Penal Court of Peace without any voice recording, video or written document in support of the charge, which was based only on Erallı's oral statements. Katrancı's lawyer, Özden Şola, told the press that the court decision has astonished them. “There are precedents [in cases like these]. The court could just decide on judicial review, because there is no evidence that can construct a basis for the arrest.

          http://www.todayszaman.com/_accused-of-insulting-erdogan-turkish-man-to-wear-electronic-tags-under-house-arrest_398819.html
          * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

          Comment

          • #80
            Pro-gov’t media confirms whistleblower’s claim that Bilal Erdoğan is in Italy




            Pro-gov’t media confirms whistleblower’s claim that Bilal Erdoğan is in Italy
            Bilal Erdoğan. (Photo: DHA)

            October 05, 2015, Monday/ 17:42:29/ TODAYSZAMAN.COM / ISTANBUL

            Pro-government media outlets have confirmed Twitter whistleblower Fuat Avni's claims that President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan's son Bilal went to Italy on Sept. 27, claiming however that he is there for his Ph.D. though Fuat Avni claims he left the country with large sums of money.

            Fuat Avni said in a series of tweets on Sunday: “In Italy, Bilal will manage the accounts in Switzerland and other countries. There are billions of dollars Bilal has to manage.”

            Pro-government media outlets however said sources close to the president's family told them Bilal has been going to Italy for a while and will continue to do so as he is working on his Ph.D. there.

            Saying Bilal flew to Italy on Sept. 27 and the plan for him is to remain for a while and maybe bring some family members over later, Fuat Avni wrote: “They are planning to keep Bilal in Italy until the [Nov. 1] election. They will determine whether he will be coming back according to the situation after the election.”

            Claiming there is a plan in place for President Erdoğan and his family to escape if necessary after Nov. 1, the whistleblower also said Foreign Minister Feridun Sinirlioğlu is organizing the plan.

            Fuat Avni also tweeted on Monday that after Erdoğan's possible flight from the country was revealed, the palace was disturbed on Monday morning and there were fears the revelation would “cause resentment in the bureaucracy.” The whistleblower also claims it is not just Bilal but some other names as well who are being used by President Erdoğan to manage his money secretly who are being sent abroad.

            http://www.todayszaman.com/national_pro-govt-media-confirms-whistleblowers-claim-that-bilal-erdogan-is-in-italy_400683.html



            Comment: The Turkish elections are in 27 days time, it will be interesting to see what happens.

            The AKP are not doing well in polls.

            They are just below 39% and once again would be unable to form a government.
            * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

            Comment

            • #81
              Turkey bomb massacre kills 97 and injures over 246 at pro-Kurdish peace rally

              Warning: The video in this article shows the moment a bomb explodes at the peace rally killing 97 people and injuring over 180. Contains distressing scenes


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              By Louisa Loveluck, Richard Spencer and Murat Dal in Ankara, video source APTN

              3:23PM BST 10 Oct 2015


              A double attack believed to be the work of suicide bombers on a march in the Turkish capital Ankara on Saturday killed 95 people and injured 246 others in the worst terrorist outrage in the country’s modern history.

              There was no immediate claim of responsibility for the attack, which was captured in dramatic video footage taken by a cameraman filming the start of the demonstration. A group of young activists doing a traditional Turkish dance flinch and duck as an sheet of orange flame punctures the sky behind them.

              They had been setting off on a protest backed by the pro-Kurdish HDP political party and leftist secular groups calling for the government to make peace with the Kurdish guerrilla group, the PKK.

              One of the men who can be seen in the video, Goksel Ilgin, told The Telegraph how the massive blast erupted right behind him.

              “We started dancing the ‘halay’ dance as we were cheerful and determined to promote peace,” said Mr Goksin, who can be seen at the far right of the picture wearing a blue cardigan and jeans. “Then we heard a sudden blast about 15 metres behind us.

              "After the explosion I was overcome by shock. I fell on my knees, and couldn't believe what I was seeing. Then 15 seconds later there was a second blast. We saw flags and pieces of bodies flying into the air.
              "People were injured and running around unconsciously. It took ten to fifteen minutes for someone to slap me to get over the shock. She told me to walk fast and scream. I did and started to feel better.
              "But I will never forget the smell of burned human flesh. Even after I left the scene, I couldn't help feeling it. So my friends made me smell some flowers and perfume to stop it. It took a few hours to smell the air again. I am OK now but I will never forget it."

              Goksel Ilgin is ringed in red on the right in this video grab image taken from footage showing the moment an explosion ripped through a gathering ahead of a planned peace rally in Ankara (AFP/Dokuz 8)
              Despite the lack of claim, the most likely culprits were widely considered to be local recruits of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (Isil). The PKK’s Syrian offshoot, the YPG, are fighting a bitter war against Isil under the cover of US-led coalition jets, and the jihadists conducted a similar attack which killed 32 people in the town of Suruc on the Turkey-Syria border in July.
              Many Kurds believe that the Islamist AKP government of President Recep Tayyip Erdogan has encouraged Isil as part of his own political ambitions for Syria, as well as out of hostility to the PKK/YPG.

              "I will never forget the smell of burned human flesh. Even after I left the scene, I couldn't help feeling it," Goksel Ilgin told The Sunday Telegraph
              The HDP’s charismatic leader, Selahattin Demirtas, went so far as to suggest the government was implicated in the bombing.
              "We are faced with a huge massacre. A barbaric attack has been committed," he said.
              "We are faced with a murderous state which has turned into a mafia and a state mentality which acts like a serial killer."
              Protesters at the scene shouted "Murderer Erdogan" and "the murderer AKP will give account" even as the injured were being taken away.

              A man cries at the blast scene
              The rally, under the slogan "Work, Peace and Democracy", was organised by a number of trade unions as well as the HDP, near Ankara railway station.
              Posters bearing the motto were seen plastering the bodies of the bed which lay strewn across the square. Some of the bodies were covered quickly with the distinctive yellow flag of the HDP and other banners.
              The health minister, Mehmet Muezzinoglu, said 62 people had died at the scene and 24 people in hospital from their injuries. He added that 28 of the 246 injured were in a serious condition.

              "We heard one huge blast and then one smaller explosion and then there was a a great movement and panic. Then we saw corpses around the station," said one witness, Ahmet Onen.
              "A demonstration that was to promote peace has turned into a massacre - I don't understand this," he added, in floods of tears.
              Mr Ilgin said: “People were running around hardly conscious in the huge panic. As the initial shock subsided, we rushed to help people lying on the ground.”

              The body of a victim lays on the ground at the site of the explosion
              The Turkish government itself said not only Isil but pro-Kurdish or leftist groups could have carried out the attack, though it did not speculate on what the motives could be.
              "Like other terror attacks, the one at the Ankara train station targets our unity, togetherness, brotherhood and future," Mr Erdogan said. He cancelled a planned visit to Turkmenistan.

              Victims are covered with flags and banners as police officers secure the area after the explosion
              The attacks however show the way in which Turkey’s involvement in the war in neighbouring Syria, where it supports the overthrow of the Assad regime and has allowed opposition groups to ferry weapons across the border, has had repercussions at home.
              Some of that is due to the revived conflict with the PKK, which with the government had observed a three-year ceasefire.
              The attack happened as the PKK said it was about to begin another, unilateral ceasefire, stopping its campaign of attacks on soldiers and police which has revived fears of the all-out war that mired the south-east of the country in violence in the Eighties and Nineties.
              A statement issued after the explosions confirmed that that ceasefire would be implemented.
              It said it depended on there being no attacks on them in the interim, and would hold until elections planned for next month.
              “Or guerrilla forces will avoid conducting planned actions, will be engaged in no activities apart from maintaining its current position, and make no attempts to hinder or harm the exercise of a fair and equal election,” it said.

              A woman is helped following the explosion
              The elections are crucial for the future of the ruling AKP, a moderate Islamist party, and President Recep Tayyip Erdogan. If the HDP win ten per cent of the vote, it will repeat its feat in June elections which led to a stalemate by winning seats in parliament and most probably preventing the AKP winning a majority.
              It will almost certainly stop AKP pushing through constitutional changes that would hand more powers to Mr Erdogan.


              http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worl...ish-rally.html
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              • #82
                Watch: Turkish soccer fans boo minute of silence for Ankara terror victims




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                By Ishaan Tharoor October 13 Follow @ishaantharoor
                1 min of silence for #AnkaraBombing victims. Turkish football fans shout nationalist slogans - @saatoldu @dijraberi pic.twitter.com/eQ1JPZ1lMg
                — Conflict News (@Conflicts) October 13, 2015


                Before a pivotal European Championship qualifier in the Turkish city of Konya on Tuesday, Turkey's and Iceland's soccer teams gathered at the center of the field for a moment of silence to honor those who died in the Ankara terror attack over the weekend. But what was supposed to be a poignant moment of national unity turned into a snapshot of the very real divisionsrankling Turkey.
                As the video above shows, a vocal minority of fans whistle and jeer during the minute's silence, while the stars of the Turkish team and most of the crowd look on in silence.
                To boo during a minute of silence is the last step on a ladder of being a low-life #turkey #turijs #AnkaraBombing http://t.co/XQXSBBFI2m
                — Capulcu TurkKick (@TurkKick) October 13, 2015


                The twin bombing in Ankara on Saturday hit a rally held by leftist groups and a leading pro-Kurdish political party. The death toll marks it as one of the worst terrorist attacks in Turkish history. But Turkey's deeply polarized political present means that not everyone in the country is sympathetic to those who perished.
                [The deadly politics behind Turkey's worst ever terror attack.]
                Top officials from the government and the ruling Justice and Development Party did not make appearances at mass public commemorations for the dead in Istanbul and Ankara. Opposition leaders pointed the finger of blame for the attack at nationalists and elements of the state.
                The rancor will continue to simmer in the days and weeks ahead. Turkey will hold its second national election of the year on Nov. 1, after the results of a vote in June failed to yield a stable government.
                There was good news, though, on the pitch. Turkey beat Iceland and sealed its place in next year's European Championship in France.
                Awesome! The moment the Turkey squad realised they had qualified for Euro 2016 (Video) http://t.co/Aim2bjmh5Xpic.twitter.com/t9YK2XNwmN
                — 101 Great Goals (@101greatgoals) October 13, 2015


                https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/...error-victims/
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                • #83
                  Suruc massacre: 'Turkish student' was suicide bomber

                  • 22 July 2015
                  • From the sectionEurope


                  Image captionThe faces of some of the victims of the bomb blast in SurucA 20-year-old Turkish student has been identified as the suicide bomber who killed 32 youth activists in the town of Suruc on Monday, officials say.
                  The attacker, named by local media as Seyh Abdurrahman Alagoz, was an ethnic Kurd from Turkey's south-eastern province of Adiyaman and reportedly had links to Islamic State (IS) militants.
                  Meanwhile, Kurdish militants say they killed two Turkish police officers.
                  The PKK said it was in revenge for the deaths in Suruc, a mainly Kurdish town.
                  Turkish officials have blamed the Suruc attack on IS. But many in Turkey feel the government has not done enough to support the Kurds in their fight to combat the threat of IS militants across the border in Syria - something denied by Ankara.
                  There have been rallies in cities across the country, with people condemning the attack and protesting at the government's policies on Syria.
                  Access to Twitter was briefly blocked on Wednesday after a court banned the publication of images from the massacre in Suruc.
                  But some critics have accused the government of trying to stop Twitter users from continuing to organise further protests.
                  Image captionThe bodies of the two police officers were found in their apartment in Ceylanpinar on the Syrian-Turkish borderAdded tensions - Jim Muir, BBC News, Urfa, southern Turkey
                  The claim by the PKK's military wing that it carried out the killing of two Turkish policemen in Celanpinar is an ominous development, coming as it does two years into a supposed truce between the Kurdish militants and the Turkish security forces.
                  Hopes for a resolution of Turkey's long-running dispute with its own Kurds have slowly dimmed since the imprisoned PKK leader Abdullah Ocalan called on Kurdish fighters to pull out of Turkey into bases in northern Iraq.
                  The deal for the recognition of Kurdish rights in Turkey was never really carried through by President Erdogan, whose AK party failed to retain its majority in recent elections and is now seeking coalition partners.
                  The suicide bomb attack on a group of youth activists in Suruç on Monday, killing 32, has clearly aggravated tensions, leading to angry demonstrations and clashes between pro-Kurdish protestors and riot police.
                  The killing of the two policemen in "revenge" for the Suruc bomb will add to the tension.
                  Turkish authorities said DNA tests had confirmed that the Suruc bomber was a 20-year-old man of Kurdish origin born in Adiyaman.
                  Seyh Abdurrahman Alagoz's mother told the newspaper Radikal (in Turkish) that her son was a former student at Adiyaman university who had gone "abroad" six months ago with his brother.
                  "I don't know what they were doing abroad, they never said. They were just telling me they were fine," Semure Alagoz said.
                  A senior Turkish official told Reuters that he believed the bomber, who he did not name, had travelled to Syria last year with the help of a group linked to IS militants.
                  Image captionFunerals are continuing to be held for the victims of Monday's massacre in SurucImage captionThis funeral ceremony in Istanbul was accompanied by large numbers of anti-government protestersMonday's suicide bombing claimed 32 lives and injured 100 others, making it one of the deadliest attacks in Turkey in recent years.
                  The activists were mainly university students, who were holding a news conference when an explosion ripped through the Amara Cultural Centre.
                  They had been planning to travel to Syria to help rebuild the town of Kobane. The youngest victim was Okan Pirinc, who was 18, according to the Turkish media.
                  On Wednesday, two Turkish police officers were found shot dead in their home in the town of Ceylanpinar, which is in the same province of Suruc and close to the Syrian border.
                  The military wing of the outlawed Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) claimed responsibility for the killings in a statement on its website.
                  "Today, around 06:00, a revenge operation was carried against two policemen collaborating with daesh (IS)," it said.


                  http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-33619043
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                  • #84
                    a bomb exploded in dersim


                    merkel the hitlers bitch and erdogan had today an agreement, will post more on it later
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                    • #85
                      Turkey: Police storm offices of critical media group, fire tear gas, detain journalists



                      At around 4.40 am local time (1.40 am GMT), special operations police officers supported by armored water cannons took up positions in front of the critical İpek Media Group offices in the Şişli neighborhood in Istanbul’s European side. A large crowd of citizens and journalists who had remained outside the premises all night long in support of the embattled media group protested their arrival with jeers.
                      On Monday, less than a week before the Nov. 1 snap election, Ankara ordered the seizure of Koza İpek Holding, which owns several media properties critical of the government.
                      Upon a request by the Ankara Chief Public Prosecutor Musa Yücel, Ankara 5th Criminal Peace Magistrate Judge Yunus Süer ordered Koza İpek Holding be put under receivership, with a variety of pro-government trustees including the strongly pro-government Sabah-ATV Media Group appointed to replace the current board of directors.

                      Informed of the arrival of police early Wednesday morning, opposition Republican People’s Party (CHP) deputy Mahmut Tanal arrived on the scene. Speaking with reporters, the former lawyer explained the legal framework regarding the appointment of trustees and pointed out how what was going on was a violation of the law. He added that police did not have the authority to enforce the receivership until it is finalized.
                      CHP deputy Eren Erdem also noted that according to Article 30th of the Constitution, media outlets cannot be seized as criminal instruments, noting that the entire affair was a violation of the law.
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                      • #86

                        "To burn always with this hard gemlike flame, to maintain this ecstasy, is success in life."





                        Comment

                        • #87


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                          Spanish Inquisition
                          For other uses, see Spanish Inquisition (disambiguation).
                          Tribunal of the Holy Office of the Inquisition in Spain
                          Tribunal del Santo Oficio de la Inquisición
                          Spanish Inquisition
                          Coat of arms or logo
                          Seal for the Tribunal in Spain.
                          Type
                          Type
                          Tribunal under the election of the Spanish monarchy, for upholding religious orthodoxy in their realm
                          History
                          Established 1 November 1478
                          Disbanded 15 July 1834
                          Seats Consisted of a Grand Inquisitor, who headed the Council of the Supreme and General Inquisition, made up of six members. Under it were up to 21 tribunals in the empire.
                          Elections
                          Voting system
                          Grand Inquisitor and Suprema designated by the crown
                          Meeting place
                          Spanish Empire
                          Footnotes
                          See also:
                          Medieval Inquisition
                          Portuguese Inquisition
                          Mexican Inquisition
                          The Tribunal of the Holy Office of the Inquisition (Spanish: Tribunal del Santo Oficio de la Inquisición), commonly known as the Spanish Inquisition (Inquisición española), was established in 1478 by Catholic Monarchs Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile. It was intended to maintain Catholic orthodoxy in their kingdoms and to replace the Medieval Inquisition, which was under Papal control. It became the most substantive of the three different manifestations of the wider Christian Inquisition along with the Roman Inquisition and Portuguese Inquisition. The "Spanish Inquisition" may be defined broadly, operating "in Spain and in all Spanish colonies and territories, which included the Canary Islands, the Spanish Netherlands, the Kingdom of Naples, and all Spanish possessions in North, Central, and South America." For the period during which Portugal and Spain were under common rule consult Portuguese Inquisition and Goa Inquisition.

                          The Inquisition was originally intended in large part to ensure the orthodoxy of those who converted from Judaism and Islam. This regulation of the faith of the newly converted was intensified after the royal decrees issued in 1492 and 1501 ordering Jews and Muslims to convert or leave Spain.

                          Various motives have been proposed for the monarchs' decision to found the Inquisition such as increasing political authority, weakening opposition, suppressing conversos, profiting from confiscation of the property of convicted heretics, reducing social tensions, and protecting the kingdom from the danger of a fifth column.

                          The body was under the direct control of the Spanish monarchy. It was not definitively abolished until 1834, during the reign of Isabella II, after a period of declining influence in the previous century.

                          The Spanish Inquisition is often cited in literature and history as an example of Catholic intolerance and repression. Modern historians have tended to question earlier and possibly exaggerated accounts concerning the severity of the Inquisition. Although records are incomplete, estimates of the number of persons charged with crimes by the Inquisition range up to 150,000, with 2,000 to 5,000 people executed.

                          Previous inquisitions Edit

                          The Inquisition was created through papal bull, Ad Abolendam, issued at the end of the twelfth century by Pope Lucius III as a way to combat the Albigensian heresy in southern France. There were a huge number of tribunals of the Papal Inquisition in various European kingdoms during the Middle Ages. In the Kingdom of Aragon, a tribunal of the Papal Inquisition was established by the statute of Excommunicamus of Pope Gregory IX, in 1232, during the era of the Albigensian heresy. Its principal representative was Ramon de Penyafort. With time, its importance was diluted, and, by the middle of the fifteenth century, it was almost forgotten although still there according to the law.

                          There was never a tribunal of the Papal Inquisition in Castile. Members of the episcopate were charged with surveillance of the faithful and punishment of transgressors. During the Middle Ages, in Castile, little attention was paid to heresy by the Catholic ruling class. Jews and Muslims were tolerated and generally allowed to follow their traditional laws and customs in domestic matters. However, by law, they were considered inferior to Catholics and were subject to discriminatory legislation.

                          The Spanish Inquisition can be seen as an answer to the multi-religious nature of Spanish society following the reconquest of the Iberian Peninsula from the Muslim Moors. After invading in 711, large areas of the Iberian Peninsula were ruled by Muslims until 1250, when they were restricted to Granada, which fell in 1492. However, the Reconquista did not result in the total expulsion of Muslims from Spain, since they, along with Jews, were tolerated by the ruling Christian elite. Large cities, especially Seville, Valladolid and Barcelona, had significant Jewish populations centered in Juderia, but in the coming years the Muslims were increasingly subjugated by alienation and torture. The Jews, who had previously thrived under Muslim rule, now suffered similar maltreatment.

                          Post-reconquest medieval Spain has been characterized by Americo Castro and some other Iberianists as a society of "convivencia", that is relatively peaceful co-existence, albeit punctuated by occasional conflict among the ruling Catholics and the Jews and Muslims. However, as Henry Kamen notes, "so-called convivencia was always a relationship between unequals."[1] Despite their legal inequality, there was a long tradition of Jewish service to the crown of Aragon and Jews occupied many important posts, both religious and political. Castile itself had an unofficial rabbi. Ferdinand's father John II named the Jewish Abiathar Crescas to be Court Astronomer.

                          Several responses bearing on the widespread persecution of Spanish Jewry between the years 1390 and 1391 can be found in contemporary Jewish sources, such as in the Responsa of Rabbi Isaac ben Sheshet (1326 – 1408),[2] and in the seminal writing of Gedaliah Ibn Yechia, Shalshelet Ha-Kabbalah (written ca. 1586),[3] as also in Abraham Zacuto’s Sefer Yuchasin,[4] in Solomon ibn Verga’s Shevaṭ Yehudah,[5] as well as in a Letter written to the Jews of Avignon by Don Hasdai Crescas in the winter of 1391 concerning the events in Spain in the year 1391.[6]

                          According to Don Hasdai Crescas, persecution against Jews began in earnest in Seville in 1391, on the 1st day of the lunar month Tammuz (June).[7] From there the violence spread to Córdoba, and by the 17th day of the same lunar month, it had reached Toledo (called then by Jews after its Arabic name "Ṭulayṭulah") in the region of Castile.[8] From there, the violence had spread to Majorca and by the 1st day of the lunar month Elul it had also reached the Jews of Barcelona in Catalonia, where the slain were estimated at two-hundred and fifty. So, too, many Jews who resided in the neighboring provinces of Lérida and Gironda and in the kingdom of València had been affected,[9] as were also the Jews of Al-Andalus (Andalucía),[10] whereas many died a martyr’s death, while others converted in order to save themselves.

                          Encouraged by the preaching of Ferrand Martinez, Archdeacon of Ecija, the general unrest affected nearly all of the Jews in Spain, during which time an estimated 200,000 Jews changed their religion or else concealed their religion, becoming known in Hebrew as "Anūsim,"[11] meaning, "those who are compelled [to hide their religion]." Only a handful of the more principal persons of the Jewish community managed to escape, who had found refuge among the viceroys in the outlying towns and districts.[7]

                          Forced baptism was contrary to the law of the Catholic Church, and theoretically anybody who had been forcibly baptized could legally return to Judaism; this however was very narrowly interpreted. Legal definitions of the time theoretically acknowledged that a forced baptism was not a valid sacrament, but confined this to cases where it was literally administered by physical force: a person who had consented to baptism under threat of death or serious injury was still regarded as a voluntary convert, and accordingly forbidden to revert to Judaism.[12] After the public violence, many of the converted "felt it safer to remain in their new religion."[13] Thus, after 1391, a new social group appeared and were referred to as conversos or New Christians. Many conversos, now freed from the anti-Semitic restrictions imposed on Jewish employment, attained important positions in fifteenth century Spain, including positions in the government and in the Church. Among many others, physicians Andrés Laguna and Francisco Lopez Villalobos (Ferdinand's court physician), writers Juan del Enzina, Juan de Mena, Diego de Valera and Alonso de Palencia, and bankers Luis de Santangel and Gabriel Sanchez (who financed the voyage of Christopher Columbus) were all conversos. Conversos - not without opposition - managed to attain high positions in the ecclesiastical hierarchy, at times becoming severe detractors of Judaism.[14] Some even received titles of nobility, and as a result, during the following century some works attempted to demonstrate that virtually all of the nobles of Spain were descended from Israelites.[15]

                          Activity of the Inquisition Edit

                          Start of the Inquisition Edit
                          Alonso de Hojeda, a Dominican friar from Seville, convinced Queen Isabella of the existence of Crypto-Judaism among Andalusian conversos during her stay in Seville between 1477 and 1478.[16] A report, produced by Pedro González de Mendoza, Archbishop of Seville, and by the Segovian Dominican Tomás de Torquemada, corroborated this assertion.

                          The monarchs decided to introduce the Inquisition to Castile to discover and punish crypto-Jews, and requested the pope's assent. Ferdinand II of Aragon pressured Pope Sixtus IV to agree to an Inquisition controlled by the monarchy by threatening to withdraw military support at a time when the Turks were a threat to Rome. The pope issued a bull to stop the Inquisition but was pressured into withdrawing it. On 1 November 1478, Pope Sixtus IV published the Papal bull, Exigit Sinceras Devotionis Affectus, through which he gave the monarchs exclusive authority to name the inquisitors in their kingdoms. The first two inquisitors, Miguel de Morillo and Juan de San Martín were not named, however, until two years later, on 27 September 1480 in Medina del Campo.

                          The first auto-da-fé was held in Seville on 6 February 1481: six people were burned alive. From there, the Inquisition grew rapidly in the Kingdom of Castile. By 1492, tribunals existed in eight Castilian cities: Ávila, Córdoba, Jaén, Medina del Campo, Segovia, Sigüenza, Toledo, and Valladolid.

                          Sixtus IV promulgated a new bull categorically prohibiting the Inquisition's extension to Aragon, affirming that,

                          many true and faithful Christians, because of the testimony of enemies, rivals, slaves and other low people—and still less appropriate—without tests of any kind, have been locked up in secular prisons, tortured and condemned like relapsed heretics, deprived of their goods and properties, and given over to the secular arm to be executed, at great danger to their souls, giving a pernicious example and causing scandal to many.[17]

                          "In 1482 the pope was still trying to maintain control over the Inquisition and to gain acceptance for his own attitude towards the New Christians, which was generally more moderate than that of the Inquisition and the local rulers."[18]

                          In 1483, Jews were expelled from all of Andalusia. Though the pope wanted to crack down on abuses, Ferdinand pressured him to promulgate a new bull, threatening that he would otherwise separate the Inquisition from Church authority.[19][20] Sixtus did so on 17 October 1483, naming Tomás de Torquemada Inquisidor General of Aragón, Valencia and Catalonia.

                          Torquemada quickly established procedures for the Inquisition. A new court would be announced with a thirty-day grace period for confessions and the gathering of accusations by neighbors. Evidence that was used to identify a crypto-Jew included the absence of chimney smoke on Saturdays (a sign the family might secretly be honoring the Sabbath) or the buying of many vegetables before Passover or the purchase of meat from a converted butcher. The court employed physical torture to extract confessions. Crypto-Jews were allowed to confess and do penance, although those who relapsed were burned at the stake.[21]

                          In 1484, Pope Innocent VIII attempted to allow appeals to Rome against the Inquisition, but Ferdinand in December 1484 and again in 1509 decreed death and confiscation for anyone trying to make use of such procedures without royal permission.[22] With this, the Inquisition became the only institution that held authority across all the realms of the Spanish monarchy and, in all of them, a useful mechanism at the service of the crown. However, the cities of Aragón continued resisting, and even saw revolt, as in Teruel from 1484 to 1485. However, the murder of Inquisidor Pedro Arbués in Zaragoza on September 15, 1485, caused public opinion to turn against the conversos and in favour of the Inquisition. In Aragón, the Inquisitorial courts were focused specifically on members of the powerful converso minority, ending their influence in the Aragonese administration.

                          The Inquisition was extremely active between 1480 and 1530. Different sources give different estimates of the number of trials and executions in this period; Henry Kamen estimates about 2,000 executed, based on the documentation of the autos-da-fé, the great majority being conversos of Jewish origin. He offers striking statistics: 91.6% of those judged in Valencia between 1484 and 1530 and 99.3% of those judged in Barcelona between 1484 and 1505 were of Jewish origin.[23]

                          Expulsion of Jews and repression of conversos Edit
                          The Spanish Inquisition had been set up in part to prevent conversos from engaging in Jewish practices, which, as Christians, they were supposed to have given up. However this remedy for securing the orthodoxy of conversos' religion was eventually deemed inadequate, since the main justification the monarchy gave for formally expelling all Jews from Spain was the "great harm suffered by Christians (i.e., conversos) from the contact, intercourse and communication which they have with the Jews, who always attempt in various ways to seduce faithful Christians from our Holy Catholic Faith".[24] The Alhambra Decree, which ordered the expulsion, was issued in January 1492. Historic accounts of the numbers of Jews who left Spain have varied enormously. Historians of the period give extremely high figures: Juan de Mariana speaks of 800,000 people, and Don Isaac Abravanel of 300,000. Modern estimates, based on careful examination of official documents and population estimates of communities, are much lower: Henry Kamen estimates that, of a population of approximately 80,000 Jews, about one half or 40,000 chose emigration.[25] The Jews of the kingdom of Castile emigrated mainly to Portugal (whence they were expelled in 1497) and to North Africa. However, according to Henry Kamen, the Jews of the kingdom of Aragon, went "to adjacent Christian lands, mainly to Italy", rather than to Muslim lands as is often assumed.[26] The Sefardim or Anusim descendants of Spanish Jews gradually migrated throughout Europe and North Africa, where they established communities in many cities. They also went to New Spain, the Ottoman Empire and North America (the American Southwest), Central and South America.[27]

                          Tens of thousands of Jews were baptised in the three months before the deadline for expulsion, some 40,000 if one accepts the totals given by Kamen: most of these undoubtedly to avoid expulsion,[citation needed] rather than as a sincere change of faith. These conversos were the principal concern of the Inquisition; being suspected of continuing to practice Judaism put them at risk of denunciation and trial.[citation needed]

                          The most intense period of persecution of conversos lasted until 1530. From 1531 to 1560, however, the percentage of conversos among the Inquisition trials dropped to 3% of the total. There was a rebound of persecutions when a group of crypto-Jews was discovered in Quintanar de la Orden in 1588; and there was a rise in denunciations of conversos in the last decade of the sixteenth century. At the beginning of the seventeenth century, some conversos who had fled to Portugal began to return to Spain, fleeing the persecution of the Portuguese Inquisition, founded in 1536. This led to a rapid increase in the trials of crypto-Jews, among them a number of important financiers. In 1691, during a number of autos-da-fé in Majorca, 37 chuetas, or conversos of Majorca, were burned.[28]

                          During the eighteenth century the number of conversos accused by the Inquisition decreased significantly. Manuel Santiago Vivar, tried in Córdoba in 1818, was the last person tried for being a crypto-Jew.[29]

                          The generally accepted number burnt at the stake by the Inquisition (including all categories such as Protestants, blasphemers, bigamists and crypto-Jews) is below 5,000 (see below).[citation needed]

                          Repression of Moriscos Edit
                          The Inquisition not only hunted for Protestants and for false converts from Judaism among the conversos, but also searched for false or relapsed converts among the Moriscos, forced converts from Islam. The Moriscos were mostly concentrated in the recently conquered kingdom of Granada, in Aragon, and in Valencia. Officially, all Muslims in the Crown of Castile had been forcibly converted to Christianity in 1502. Muslims in the Crown of Aragon were obliged to convert by Charles I's decree of 1526, as most had been forcibly baptized during the Revolt of the Brotherhoods (1519–1523) and these baptisms were declared to be valid.

                          Many Moriscos were suspected of practising Islam in secret, and the jealousy with which they guarded the privacy of their domestic life prevented the verification of this suspicion.[30] Initially they were not severely persecuted by the Inquisition, but experienced a policy of evangelization without torture,[31] a policy not followed with those conversos who were suspected of being crypto-Jews. There were various reasons for this. Most importantly, in the kingdoms of Valencia and Aragon a large number of the Moriscos were under the jurisdiction of the nobility, and persecution would have been viewed as a frontal assault on the economic interests of this powerful social class.[32] Still, fears ran high among the population that the Moriscos were traitorous, especially in Granada. The coast was regularly raided by Barbary pirates backed by Spain's enemy the Ottoman Empire, and the Moriscos were suspected of aiding them.

                          In the second half of the century, late in the reign of Philip II, conditions worsened between Old Christians and Moriscos. The 1568–1570 Morisco Revolt in Granada was harshly suppressed, and the Inquisition intensified its attention to the Moriscos. From 1570 Morisco cases became predominant in the tribunals of Zaragoza, Valencia and Granada; in the tribunal of Granada, between 1560 and 1571, 82% of those accused were Moriscos.[33] Still, according to Kamen, the Moriscos did not experience the same harshness as judaizing conversos and Protestants, and the number of capital punishments was proportionally less.[34]

                          In 1609, King Philip III, upon the advice of his financial adviser the Duke of Lerma and Archbishop of Valencia Juan de Ribera, decreed the Expulsion of the Moriscos. Hundreds of thousands of Moriscos were expelled, some of them probably sincere Christians. This was further fueled by the religious intolerance of Archbishop Ribera who quoted the Old Testament texts ordering the enemies of God to be slain without mercy and setting forth the duties of kings to extirpate them.[35] The edict required: 'The Moriscos to depart, under the pain of death and confiscation, without trial or sentence... to take with them no money, bullion, jewels or bills of exchange.... just what they could carry.'[36] So successful was the enterprise, in the space of months, Spain was emptied of its Moriscos. Expelled were the Moriscos of Aragon, Murcia, Catalonia, Castile, Mancha and Extremadura. As for the Moriscos of Granada, such as the Herrador family who held positions in the Church and magistracy, they still had to struggle against exile and confiscation.[37]

                          An indeterminate number of Moriscos remained in Spain and, during the seventeenth century, the Inquisition pursued some trials against them of minor importance: according to Kamen, between 1615 and 1700, cases against Moriscos constituted only 9 percent of those judged by the Inquisition.

                          Demographic consequences Edit
                          In December 2008, a genetic study of the current population of the Iberian Peninsula, published in the American Journal of Human Genetics, estimated that about 10% have North African ancestors and 20% have Sephardi Jews as ancestors. Since there is no direct link between genetic makeup and religious affiliation, however, it is difficult to draw direct conclusions between their findings and forced or voluntary conversion.[38] Nevertheless, the Sephardic result is in contradiction[39][40][41][42][43] or not replicated in all the body of genetic studies done in Iberia and has been later questioned by the authors themselves[44][45][46][47] and by Stephen Oppenheimer who estimates that much earlier migrations, 5000 to 10,000 years ago from the Eastern Mediterranean might also have accounted for the Sephardic estimates: "They are really assuming that they are looking at this migration of Jewish immigrants, but the same lineages could have been introduced in the Neolithic".[48] The rest of genetic studies done in Spain estimate the Moorish contribution ranging from 2.5/3.4%[citation needed] to 7.7%.[49]

                          Control of Protestants Edit

                          The burning of a 16th-century Dutch Anabaptist Anneken Hendriks, who was charged with heresy
                          Despite much popular myth about the Spanish Inquisition relating to Protestants, it dealt with very few cases involving actual Protestants, as there were so few in Spain.[50] The first of the trials against those labeled by the Inquisition as "Lutheran" were those against the sect of mystics known as the "Alumbrados" of Guadalajara and Valladolid. The trials were long, and ended with prison sentences of differing lengths, though none of the sect were executed. Nevertheless, the subject of the "Alumbrados" put the Inquisition on the trail of many intellectuals and clerics who, interested in Erasmian ideas, had strayed from orthodoxy. This is striking because both Charles I and Philip II were confessed admirers of Erasmus.[51][52] Such[clarification needed] was the case with the humanist Juan de Valdés,[53] who was forced to flee to Italy to escape the process that had been begun against him, and the preacher, Juan de Ávila, who spent close to a year in prison.[54]

                          The first trials against Lutheran groups, as such, took place between 1558 and 1562, at the beginning of the reign of Philip II, against two communities of Protestants from the cities of Valladolid and Seville numbering about 120.[55] The trials signaled a notable intensification of the Inquisition's activities. A number of autos-da-fé were held, some of them presided over by members of the royal family, and around 100 executions took place.[56] The autos-da-fé of the mid-century virtually put an end to Spanish Protestantism which was, throughout, a small phenomenon to begin with.[57]

                          After 1562, though the trials continued, the repression was much reduced. According to Kamen, about 200 Spaniards were accused of being Protestants in the last decades of the 16th century. "Most of them were in no sense Protestants...Irreligious sentiments, drunken mockery, anticlerical expressions, were all captiously classified by the inquisitors (or by those who denounced the cases) as 'Lutheran.' Disrespect to church images, and eating meat on forbidden days, were taken as signs of heresy"[58] and it is estimated that a dozen Spaniards were burned alive.[59]

                          Censorship Edit
                          As one manifestation of the Counter-Reformation, the Spanish Inquisition worked actively to impede the diffusion of heretical ideas in Spain by producing "Indexes" of prohibited books. Such lists of prohibited books were common in Europe a decade before the Inquisition published its first. The first Index published in Spain in 1551 was, in reality, a reprinting of the Index published by the University of Leuven in 1550, with an appendix dedicated to Spanish texts. Subsequent Indexes were published in 1559, 1583, 1612, 1632, and 1640. The Indexes included an enormous number of books of all types, though special attention was dedicated to religious works, and, particularly, vernacular translations of the Bible.

                          Included in the Indexes, at one point, were many of the great works of Spanish literature. Also, a number of religious writers who are today considered saints by the Catholic Church saw their works appear in the Indexes. At first, this might seem counter-intuitive or even nonsensical—how were these Spanish authors published in the first place if their texts were then prohibited by the Inquisition and placed in the Index? The answer lies in the process of publication and censorship in Early Modern Spain. Books in Early Modern Spain faced prepublication licensing and approval (which could include modification) by both secular and religious authorities. However, once approved and published, the circulating text also faced the possibility of post-hoc censorship by being denounced to the Inquisition—sometimes decades later. Likewise, as Catholic theology evolved, once-prohibited texts might be removed from the Index.

                          At first, inclusion in the Index meant total prohibition of a text; however, this proved not only impractical and unworkable, but also contrary to the goals of having a literate and well-educated clergy. Works with one line of suspect dogma would be prohibited in their entirety, despite the remainder of the text's sound dogma. In time, a compromise solution was adopted in which trusted Inquisition officials blotted out words, lines or whole passages of otherwise acceptable texts, thus allowing these expurgated editions to circulate. Although in theory the Indexes imposed enormous restrictions on the diffusion of culture in Spain, some historians, such as Henry Kamen, argue that such strict control was impossible in practice and that there was much more liberty in this respect than is often believed. And Irving Leonard has conclusively demonstrated that, despite repeated royal prohibitions, romances of chivalry, such as Amadis of Gaul, found their way to the New World with the blessing of the Inquisition. Moreover, with the coming of the Age of Enlightenment in the 18th century, increasing numbers of licenses to possess and read prohibited texts were granted.

                          Despite repeated publication of the Indexes and a large bureaucracy of censors, the activities of the Inquisition did not impede the flowering of Spanish literature's "Siglo de Oro", although almost all of its major authors crossed paths with the Holy Office at one point or another. Among the Spanish authors included in the Index are: Bartolomé Torres Naharro, Juan del Enzina, Jorge de Montemayor, Juan de Valdés and Lope de Vega, as well as the anonymous Lazarillo de Tormes and the Cancionero General by Hernando del Castillo. La Celestina, which was not included in the Indexes of the 16th century, was expurgated in 1632 and prohibited in its entirety in 1790. Among the non-Spanish authors prohibited were Ovid, Dante, Rabelais, Ariosto, Machiavelli, Erasmus, Jean Bodin, Valentine Naibod and Thomas More (known in Spain as Tomás Moro). One of the most outstanding and best-known cases in which the Inquisition directly confronted literary activity is that of Fray Luis de León, noted humanist and religious writer of converso origin, who was imprisoned for four years (from 1572 to 1576) for having translated the Song of Songs directly from Hebrew.

                          Some scholars indicate that one of the main effects of the inquisition was to end free thought and scientific thought in Spain. As one contemporary Spaniard in exile put it: "Our country is a land of ... barbarism; down there one cannot produce any culture without being suspected of heresy, error and Judaism. Thus silence was imposed on the learned." For the next few centuries, while the rest of Europe was slowly awakened by the influence of the Enlightenment, Spain stagnated.[60] However, this conclusion is contested. The censorship of books was actually very ineffective, and prohibited books circulated in Spain without significant problems. The Spanish Inquisition never persecuted scientists, and relatively few scientific books were placed on the Index. On the other hand, Spain was a state with more political freedom than in other absolute monarchies in the 16th to 18th centuries. The backwardness of Spain in economy and science may not be attributable to the Inquisition.[61]

                          Suppression of other heresies Edit
                          Witchcraft Edit
                          The category "superstitions" includes trials related to witchcraft. The witch-hunt in Spain had much less intensity than in other European countries (particularly France, Scotland, and Germany). One remarkable case was that of Logroño, in which the witches of Zugarramurdi in Navarre were persecuted. During the auto-da-fé that took place in Logroño on November 7 and November 8, 1610, 6 people were burned and another 5 burned in effigy.[62] In general, nevertheless, the Inquisition maintained a skeptical attitude towards cases of witchcraft, considering it as a mere superstition without any basis. Alonso de Salazar Frías, who, after the trials of Logroño took the Edict of Faith to various parts of Navarre, noted in his report to the Suprema that, "There were neither witches nor bewitched in a village until they were talked and written about".[63]

                          Blasphemy Edit
                          Included under the rubric of heretical propositions were verbal offences, from outright blasphemy to questionable statements regarding religious beliefs, from issues of sexual morality, to misbehaviour of the clergy. Many were brought to trial for affirming that simple fornication (sex between unmarried persons) was not a sin or for putting in doubt different aspects of Christian faith such as Transubstantiation or the virginity of Mary.[64] Also, members of the clergy itself were occasionally accused of heretical propositions. These offences rarely led to severe penalties.[citation needed]

                          Bigamy Edit
                          The Inquisition also pursued offences against morals, at times in open conflict with the jurisdictions of civil tribunals.[citation needed] In particular, there were trials for bigamy, a relatively frequent offence[65] in a society that only permitted divorce under the most extreme circumstances. In the case of men, the penalty was five years service as an oarsman in a royal galley[66] (possibly a death sentence).[67] Women too were accused of bigamy. Also, many cases of solicitation during confession were adjudicated, indicating a strict vigilance over the clergy.[citation needed]

                          Sodomy Edit
                          The first sodomite was burned by the Inquisition in Valencia in 1572, and those accused included 19% clergy, 6% nobles, 37% workers, 19% servants, and 18% soldiers and sailors.[68]

                          Nearly all of almost 500 cases of sodomy between persons concerned the relationship between an older man and an adolescent, often by coercion; with only a few cases where the couple were consenting homosexual adults. About 100 of the total involved allegations of child abuse. Adolescents were generally punished more leniently than adults, but only when they were very young (under ca. 12 years) or when the case clearly concerned rape, did they have a chance to avoid punishment altogether. As a rule, the Inquisition condemned to death only those "sodomites" over the age of 25 years. As about half of those tried were under this age, it explains the relatively small percent of death sentences.[69]

                          Freemasonry Edit
                          Further information: Papal ban of Freemasonry and In eminenti apostolatus
                          The Roman Catholic Church has regarded Freemasonry as heretical since about 1738; the suspicion of Freemasonry was potentially a capital offense. Spanish Inquisition records reveal two prosecutions in Spain and only a few more throughout the Spanish Empire.[70] In 1815, Francisco Javier de Mier y Campillo, the Inquisitor General of the Spanish Inquisition and the Bishop of Almería, suppressed Freemasonry and denounced the lodges as "societies which lead to atheism, to sedition and to all errors and crimes."[71] He then instituted a purge during which Spaniards could be arrested on the charge of being "suspected of Freemasonry".[71]

                          Organization Edit

                          Beyond its role in religious affairs, the Inquisition was also an institution at the service of the monarchy. The Inquisitor General, in charge of the Holy Office, was designated by the crown. The Inquisitor General was the only public office whose authority stretched to all the kingdoms of Spain (including the American viceroyalties), except for a brief period (1507–1518) during which there were two Inquisitors General, one in the kingdom of Castile, and the other in Aragon.

                          The Inquisitor General presided over the Council of the Supreme and General Inquisition (generally abbreviated as "Council of the Suprema"), created in 1483, which was made up of six members named directly by the crown (the number of members of the Suprema varied over the course of the Inquisition's history, but it was never more than 10). Over time, the authority of the Suprema grew at the expense of the power of the Inquisitor General.

                          The Suprema met every morning, save for holidays, and for two hours in the afternoon on Tuesdays, Thursdays and Saturdays. The morning sessions were devoted to questions of faith, while the afternoons were reserved for "minor heresies"[72] cases of perceived unacceptable sexual behavior, bigamy, witchcraft, etc.[73]

                          Below the Suprema were the different tribunals of the Inquisition, which were, in their origins, itinerant, installing themselves where they were necessary to combat heresy, but later being established in fixed locations. In the first phase, numerous tribunals were established, but the period after 1495 saw a marked tendency towards centralization.


                          Auto-da-fé, Plaza Mayor in Lima, Viceroyalty of Peru, 17th century
                          In the kingdom of Castile, the following permanent tribunals of the Inquisition were established:

                          1482 In Seville and in Córdoba.
                          1485 In Toledo and in Llerena.
                          1488 In Valladolid and in Murcia.
                          1489 In Cuenca.
                          1505 In Las Palmas (Canary Islands).
                          1512 In Logroño.
                          1526 In Granada.
                          1574 In Santiago de Compostela.
                          There were only four tribunals in the kingdom of Aragon: Zaragoza and Valencia (1482), Barcelona (1484), and Majorca (1488).[74] Ferdinand the Catholic also established the Spanish Inquisition in Sicily (1513), housed in Palermo and Sardinia, in the town of Sassari.[75] In the Americas, tribunals were established in Lima and in Mexico City (1569) and, in 1610, in Cartagena de Indias (present day Colombia).

                          Composition of the tribunals Edit


                          Structure of the Spanish Inquisition.
                          Initially, each of the tribunals included two inquisitors, a calificador, an alguacil (bailiff) and a fiscal (prosecutor); new positions were added as the institution matured.

                          The inquisitors were preferably jurists more than theologians, and, in 1608, Philip III even stipulated that all the inquisitors must have a background in law. The inquisitors did not typically remain in the position for a long time: for the Court of Valencia, for example, the average tenure in the position was about two years.[76] Most of the inquisitors belonged to the secular clergy (priests who were not members of religious orders), and had a university education.

                          The fiscal was in charge of presenting the accusation, investigating the denunciations and interrogating the witnesses by the use of physical and mental torture. The calificadores were generally theologians; it fell to them to determine if the defendant's conduct added up to a crime against the faith. Consultants were expert jurists who advised the court in questions of procedure. The court had, in addition, three secretaries: the notario de secuestros (Notary of Property), who registered the goods of the accused at the moment of his detention; the notario del secreto (Notary of the Secret), who recorded the testimony of the defendant and the witnesses; and the escribano general (General Notary), secretary of the court.

                          The alguacil was the executive arm of the court: he was responsible for detaining, jailing, and physically torturing the defendant. Other civil employees were the nuncio, ordered to spread official notices of the court, and the alcaide, jailer in charge of feeding the prisoners.

                          In addition to the members of the court, two auxiliary figures existed that collaborated with the Holy Office: the familiares and the comissarios (commissioners). Familiares were lay collaborators of the Inquisition, who had to be permanently at the service of the Holy Office. To become a familiar was considered an honour, since it was a public recognition of limpieza de sangre — Old Christian status — and brought with it certain additional privileges. Although many nobles held the position, most of the familiares came from the ranks of commoners. The commissioners, on the other hand, were members of the religious orders who collaborated occasionally with the Holy Office.

                          One of the most striking aspects of the organization of the Inquisition was its form of financing: devoid of its own budget, the Inquisition depended exclusively on the confiscation of the goods of the denounced. It is not surprising, therefore, that many of those prosecuted were rich men. That the situation was open to abuse is evident, as stands out in the memorial that a converso from Toledo directed to Charles I:

                          "Your Majesty must provide, before all else, that the expenses of the Holy Office do not come from the properties of the condemned, because if that is the case, if they do not burn they do not eat."[77]

                          Accusation Edit
                          When the Inquisition arrived in a city, the first step was the Edict of Grace. Following the Sunday mass, the Inquisitor would proceed to read the edict; it explained possible heresies and encouraged all the congregation to come to the tribunals of the Inquisition to "relieve their consciences". They were called Edicts of Grace because all of the self-incriminated who presented themselves within a period of grace (usually ranging from thirty to forty days) were offered the possibility of reconciliation with the Church without severe punishment.[78] The promise of benevolence was effective, and many voluntarily presented themselves to the Inquisition and were often encouraged to denounce others who had also committed offenses, informants being the Inquisition's primary source of information. After about 1500, the Edicts of Grace were replaced by the Edicts of Faith, which left out the grace period and instead encouraged the denunciation of those guilty.[79]


                          Diego Mateo López Zapata in his cell before his trial by the Inquisition Court of Cuenca
                          The denunciations were anonymous, and the defendants had no way of knowing the identities of their accusers.[80] This was one of the points most criticized by those who opposed the Inquisition (for example, the Cortes of Castile, in 1518). In practice, false denunciations were frequent. Denunciations were made for a variety of reasons, from genuine concern, to rivalries and personal jealousies.

                          Detention Edit
                          After a denunciation, the case was examined by the calificadores (qualifiers), who had to determine if there was heresy involved, followed by detention of the accused. In practice, however, many were detained in preventive custody, and many cases of lengthy incarcerations occurred, lasting up to two years, before the calificadores examined the case.[81]

                          Detention of the accused entailed the preventive sequestration of their property by the Inquisition. The property of the prisoner was used to pay for procedural expenses and the accused's own maintenance and costs. Often the relatives of the defendant found themselves in outright misery. This situation was only remedied following instructions written in 1561.

                          The entire process was undertaken with the utmost secrecy, as much for the public as for the accused, who were not informed about the accusations that were levied against them. Months, or even years could pass without the accused being informed about why they were imprisoned. The prisoners remained isolated, and, during this time, the prisoners were not allowed to attend Mass nor receive the sacraments. The jails of the Inquisition were no worse than those of secular authorities, and there are even certain testimonies that occasionally they were much better.[82]

                          Trial Edit
                          The inquisitorial process consisted of a series of hearings, in which both the denouncers and the defendant gave testimony. A defense counsel was assigned to the defendant, a member of the tribunal itself, whose role was simply to advise the defendant and to encourage them to speak the truth. The prosecution was directed by the fiscal. Interrogation of the defendant was done in the presence of the Notary of the Secreto, who meticulously wrote down the words of the accused. The archives of the Inquisition, in comparison to those of other judicial systems of the era, are striking in the completeness of their documentation. In order to defend themselves, the accused had two possibilities: abonos (to find favourable witnesses, akin to "substantive" evidence/testimony in Anglo-American law) or tachas (to demonstrate that the witnesses of accusers were not trustworthy, akin to Anglo-American "impeachment" evidence/testimony).

                          In order to interrogate the accused, the Inquisition made use of torture, but not in a systematic way. It was applied mainly against those suspected of Judaism and Protestantism, beginning in the 16th century. For example, Lea estimates that between 1575 and 1610 the court of Toledo tortured approximately a third of those processed for heresy.[83] In other periods, the proportions varied remarkably. Torture was always a means to obtain the confession of the accused, not a punishment itself. Torture was also applied without distinction of sex or age, including children and the aged.

                          Torture Edit

                          Inquisition torture chamber. Mémoires Historiques (1716)
                          As with all European tribunals of the time, torture was employed.[84][85] The Spanish inquisition, however, engaged in it far less often and with greater care than other courts.[85][86] Historian Henry Kamen contends that some "popular" accounts of the inquisition (those that describe scenes of uncontrolled sadistic torture) are not based in truth. Kamen argues that torture was only ever used to elicit information or a confession, not for punitive reasons.[87] Modern scholars[who?] have determined that torture was used in two percent of the cases, and in less than one percent of the cases was it used a second time, never more than that. The torture lasted up to 15 minutes.[85]

                          Although the Inquisition was technically forbidden from permanently harming or drawing blood,[84] this still allowed several methods of torture. The methods most used, and common in other secular and ecclesiastical tribunals, were garrucha, toca and the potro.[84] The application of the garrucha, also known as the strappado, consisted of suspending the victim from the ceiling by the wrists, which are tied behind the back. Sometimes weights were tied to the ankles, with a series of lifts and drops, during which the arms and legs suffered violent pulls and were sometimes dislocated.[88] The toca, also called interrogatorio mejorado del agua, consisted of introducing a cloth into the mouth of the victim, and forcing them to ingest water spilled from a jar so that they had the impression of drowning.[89] The potro, the rack, was the instrument of torture used most frequently.[90]

                          The assertion that "confessionem esse veram, non factam vi tormentorum" (literally: [a person's] confession is truth, not made by way of torture) sometimes follows a description of how, after torture had ended, the subject freely confessed to the offenses.[91] Thus confessions following torture were deemed to be made of the confessor's free will, and hence valid.

                          Once the process concluded, the inquisidores met with a representative of the bishop and with the consultores, experts in theology or Canon Law, which was called the consulta de fe. The case was voted and sentence pronounced, which had to be unanimous. In case of discrepancies, the Suprema had to be informed.

                          According to authorities within the Eastern Orthodox Church, there was at least one casualty tortured by those "Jesuits" (though most likely, Franciscans) who administered the Spanish Inquisition in North America: St. Peter the Aleut.

                          Sentencing Edit
                          The results of the trial could be the following:

                          Although quite rare in actual practice, the defendant could be acquitted. Inquisitors did not wish to terminate the proceedings. If they did, and new evidence turned up later, they would be forced into reopening and re-presenting the old evidence.
                          The trial could be suspended, in which case the defendant, although under suspicion, went free (with the threat that the process could be continued at any time) or was held in long-term imprisonment until a trial commenced. When set free after a suspended trial it was considered a form of acquittal without specifying that the accusation had been erroneous.
                          The defendant could be penanced. Since they were considered guilty, they had to publicly abjure their crimes (de levi if it was a misdemeanor, and de vehementi if the crime were serious), and accept a public punishment. Among these were sanbenito, exile, fines or even sentencing to service as oarsmen in royal galleys.
                          The defendant could be reconciled. In addition to the public ceremony in which the condemned was reconciled with the Catholic Church, more severe punishments were used, among them long sentences to jail or the galleys, plus the confiscation of all property. Physical punishments, such as whipping, were also used.
                          The most serious punishment was relaxation to the secular arm for burning at the stake. This penalty was frequently applied to impenitent heretics and those who had relapsed. Execution was public. If the condemned repented, they were shown mercy by being garroted before burning; if not, they were burned alive.
                          Frequently, cases were judged in absentia, and when the accused died before the trial finished, the condemned were burned in effigy.

                          The distribution of the punishments varied considerably over time. It is believed that sentences of death were enforced in the first stages within the long history of the Inquisition. According to García Cárcel, the court of Valencia employed the death penalty in 40% of the processings before 1530, but later that percentage dropped to 3%).[92]


                          Auto-da-fé, Plaza Mayor in Madrid, 1683
                          Auto-da-fé Edit
                          Main article: Auto-da-fé
                          If the sentence was condemnatory, this implied that the condemned had to participate in the ceremony of an auto de fe (more commonly known in English as an auto-da-fé), that solemnized their return to the Church (in most cases), or punishment as an impenitent heretic. The autos-da-fé could be private (auto particular) or public (auto publico or auto general).

                          Although initially the public autos did not have any special solemnity nor sought a large attendance of spectators, with time they became solemn ceremonies, celebrated with large public crowds, amidst a festive atmosphere. The auto-da-fé eventually became a baroque spectacle, with staging meticulously calculated to cause the greatest effect among the spectators.

                          The autos were conducted in a large public space (in the largest plaza of the city, frequently), generally on holidays. The rituals related to the auto began the previous night (the "procession of the Green Cross") and sometimes lasted the whole day. The auto-da-fé frequently was taken to the canvas by painters: one of the better-known examples is the painting by Francesco Rizzi held by the Prado Museum in Madrid and which represents the auto celebrated in the Plaza Mayor of Madrid on 30 June 30 1680. The last public auto-da-fé took place in 1691.

                          The auto-da-fé involved: a Catholic Mass; prayer; a public procession of those found guilty; and a reading of their sentences (Peters 1988: 93-94). They took place in public squares or esplanades and lasted several hours: ecclesiastical and civil authorities attended. Artistic representations of the auto-da-fé usually depict torture and the burning at the stake. However, this type of activity never took place during an auto-da-fé, which was in essence a religious act. Torture was not administered after a trial concluded, and executions were always held after and separate from the auto-da-fé,[93] though in the minds and experiences of observers and those undergoing the confession and execution, the separation of the two might be experienced as merely a technicality.

                          The first recorded auto-da-fé was held in Paris in 1242, during the reign of Louis IX.[94] However, the first Spanish auto-da-fé did not take place until Seville in 1481; six of the men and women subjected to this first religious ritual were later executed. The Inquisition had limited power in Portugal, having been established in 1536 and officially lasting until 1821, although its influence was much weakened with the government of the Marquis of Pombal in the second half of the 18th century. Autos-da-fé also took place in Mexico, Brazil and Peru: contemporary historians of the Conquistadors such as Bernal Díaz del Castillo record them. They also took place in the Portuguese colony of Goa, India, following the establishment of Inquisition there in 1562–1563.


                          Execution of Mariana de Carabajal (converted Jew), Mexico City, 1601
                          The arrival of the Enlightenment in Spain slowed inquisitorial activity. In the first half of the 18th century, 111 were condemned to be burned in person, and 117 in effigy, most of them for judaizing. In the reign of Philip V, there were 125 autos-da-fé, while in the reigns of Charles III and Charles IV only 44.

                          During the 18th century, the Inquisition changed: Enlightenment ideas were the closest threat that had to be fought. The main figures of the Spanish Enlightenment were in favour of the abolition of the Inquisition, and many were processed by the Holy Office, among them Olavide, in 1776; Iriarte, in 1779; and Jovellanos, in 1796; Jovellanos sent a report to Charles IV in which he indicated the inefficiency of the Inquisition's courts and the ignorance of those who operated them:

                          friars who take [the position] only to obtain gossip and exemption from choir; who are ignorant of foreign languages, who only know a little scholastic theology...[95]

                          In its new role, the Inquisition tried to accentuate its function of censoring publications, but found that Charles III had secularized censorship procedures and, on many occasions, the authorization of the Council of Castile hit the more intransigent position of the Inquisition. Since the Inquisition itself was an arm of the state, being within the Council of Castile, civil, rather than ecclesiastical, censorship usually prevailed. This loss of influence can also be explained because the foreign Enlightenment texts entered the peninsula through prominent members of the nobility or government,[96] influential people with whom it was very difficult to interfere. Thus, for example, Diderot's Encyclopedia entered Spain thanks to special licenses granted by the king.

                          However, after the French Revolution the Council of Castile, fearing that revolutionary ideas would penetrate Spain's borders, decided to reactivate the Holy Office that was directly charged with the persecution of French works. An Inquisition edict of December 1789, that received the full approval of Charles IV and Floridablanca, stated that:

                          having news that several books have been scattered and promoted in these kingdoms... that, without being contented with the simple narration events of a seditious nature... seem to form a theoretical and practical code of independence from the legitimate powers.... destroying in this way the political and social order... the reading of thirty and nine French works is prohibited, under fine...[97]

                          However, inquisitorial activity was impossible in the face of the information avalanche that crossed the border; in 1792

                          the multitude of seditious papers... does not allow formalizing the files against those who introduce them...

                          The fight from within against the Inquisition was almost always clandestine. The first texts that questioned the Inquisition and praised the ideas of Voltaire or Montesquieu appeared in 1759. After the suspension of pre-publication censorship on the part of the Council of Castile in 1785, the newspaper El Censor began the publication of protests against the activities of the Holy Office by means of a rationalist critique and, even, Valentin de Foronda published Espíritu de los Mejores Diarios, a plea in favour of freedom of expression that was avidly read in the salons. Also, Manuel de Aguirre, in the same vein, wrote, On Toleration in El Censor, El Correo de los Ciegos and El Diario de Madrid.[98]

                          End of the Inquisition Edit


                          The Peruvian Inquisition, based in Lima, ended in 1820.
                          During the reign of Charles IV of Spain, in spite of the fears that the French Revolution provoked, several events took place that accelerated the decline of the Inquisition. In the first place, the state stopped being a mere social organizer and began to worry about the well-being of the public. As a result, they considered the land-holding power of the Church, in the señoríos and, more generally, in the accumulated wealth that had prevented social progress.[99] On the other hand, the perennial struggle between the power of the throne and the power of the Church, inclined more and more to the former, under which, Enlightenment thinkers found better protection for their ideas. Manuel Godoy and Antonio Alcalá Galiano were openly hostile to an institution whose only role had been reduced to censorship and was the very embodiment of the Spanish Black Legend, internationally, and was not suitable to the political interests of the moment:

                          The Inquisition? Its old power no longer exists: the horrible authority that this bloodthirsty court had exerted in other times was reduced... the Holy Office had come to be a species of commission for book censorship, nothing more...[100]

                          The Inquisition was first abolished during the domination of Napoleon and the reign of Joseph Bonaparte (1808–1812). In 1813, the liberal deputies of the Cortes of Cádiz also obtained its abolition,[101] largely as a result of the Holy Office's condemnation of the popular revolt against French invasion. But the Inquisition was reconstituted when Ferdinand VII recovered the throne on 1 July 1814. Juan Antonio Llorente, who had been the Inquisition's general secretary in 1789, became a Bonapartist and published a critical history in 1817 from his French exile, based on his privileged access to its archives.[102]

                          Possibly as a result of Llorente's criticisms, the Inquisition was once again temporarily abolished during the three-year Liberal interlude known as the Trienio liberal, but still the old system had not yet had its last gasp. Later, during the period known as the Ominous Decade, the Inquisition was not formally re-established,[103] although, de facto, it returned under the so-called Congregation of the Meetings of Faith, tolerated in the dioceses by King Ferdinand. On 26 July 1826 the "Meetings of Faith" Congregation condemned and executed the school teacher Cayetano Ripoll, who thus became the last person known to be executed by the Inquisition.[104]

                          On that day, Ripoll was hanged in Valencia, for having taught deist principles. This execution occurred against the backdrop of a European-wide scandal concerning the despotic attitudes still prevailing in Spain. Finally, on 15 July 1834, the Spanish Inquisition was definitively abolished by a Royal Decree signed by regent Maria Christina of the Two Sicilies, Ferdinand VII's liberal widow, during the minority of Isabella II and with the approval of the President of the Cabinet Francisco Martínez de la Rosa. (It is possible that something similar to the Inquisition acted during the 1833–1839 First Carlist War, in the zones dominated by the Carlists, since one of the government measures praised by Conde de Molina Carlos Maria Isidro de Borbon was the re-implementation of the Inquisition to protect the Church). During the Carlist Wars it was the conservatives who fought the liberals who wanted to reduce the Church's power, amongst other reforms to liberalize the economy. It can be added that Franco during the Spanish Civil War is alleged to have stated that he would attempt to reintroduce it, possibly as a sop to Vatican approval of his coup.[citation needed]

                          The Alhambra Decree that had expelled the Jews was formally rescinded on 16 December 1968.[105]

                          Outcomes Edit

                          Confiscations Edit
                          It is unknown exactly how much wealth was confiscated from converted Jews and others tried by the Inquisition. Wealth confiscated in one year of persecution in the small town of Guadaloupe paid the costs of building a royal residence.[106] There are numerous records of the opinion of ordinary Spaniards of the time that "the Inquisition was devised simply to rob people". "They were burnt only for the money they had", a resident of Cuenca averred. "They burn only the well-off", said another. In 1504 an accused stated, "only the rich were burnt". …In 1484…Catalina de Zamora was accused of asserting that "this Inquisition that the fathers are carrying out is as much for taking property from the conversos as for defending the faith. It is the goods that are the heretics." This saying passed into common usage in Spain. In 1524 a treasurer informed Charles V that his predecessor had received ten million ducats from the conversos, but the figure is unverified. In 1592 an inquisitor admitted that most of the fifty women he arrested were rich. In 1676, the Suprema claimed it had confiscated over 700,000 ducats for the royal treasury (which was paid money only after the Inquisition's own budget, amounting in one known case to only 5%). The property on Mallorca alone in 1678 was worth "well over 2,500,000 ducats".[107]

                          Death tolls Edit

                          Contemporary illustration of the auto-da-fé of Valladolid, in which fourteen Protestants were burned at the stake for their faith, on May 21, 1559
                          García Cárcel estimates that the total number processed by the Inquisition throughout its history was approximately 150,000; applying the percentages of executions that appeared in the trials of 1560–1700—about 2%—the approximate total would be about 3,000 put to death. Nevertheless, it is likely that the toll was higher, keeping in mind the data provided by Dedieu and García Cárcel for the tribunals of Toledo and Valencia, respectively. It is likely that between 3,000 and 5,000 were executed.[108]

                          Modern historians have begun to study the documentary records of the Inquisition. The archives of the Suprema, today held by the National Historical Archive of Spain (Archivo Histórico Nacional), conserves the annual relations of all processes between 1540 and 1700. This material provides information on about 44,674 judgements, the latter studied by Gustav Henningsen and Jaime Contreras. These 44,674 cases include 826 executions in persona and 778 in effigie. This material, however, is far from being complete—for example, the tribunal of Cuenca is entirely omitted, because no relaciones de causas from this tribunal have been found, and significant gaps concern some other tribunals (e.g., Valladolid). Many more cases not reported to the Suprema are known from the other sources (i.e., no relaciones de causas from Cuenca have been found, but its original records have been preserved), but were not included in Contreras-Henningsen's statistics for the methodological reasons.[109] William Monter estimates 1000 executions between 1530 and 1630 and 250 between 1630 and 1730.[110]

                          The archives of the Suprema only provide information surrounding the processes prior to 1560. To study the processes themselves, it is necessary to examine the archives of the local tribunals; however, the majority have been lost to the devastation of war, the ravages of time or other events. Jean-Pierre Dedieu has studied those of Toledo, where 12,000 were judged for offences related to heresy.[111] Ricardo García Cárcel has analyzed those of the tribunal of Valencia.[112] These authors' investigations find that the Inquisition was most active in the period between 1480 and 1530, and that during this period the percentage condemned to death was much more significant than in the years studied by Henningsen and Contreras. Henry Kamen gives the number of about 2,000 executions in persona in the whole of Spain up to 1530.[113]

                          Henningsen-Contreras statistics for the period 1540–1700 Edit
                          The statistics of Henningsen and Contreras, based entirely on relaciones de causas, are following:

                          Tribunal Number of years with preserved relaciones de causas from the period 1540–1700[114] Number of cases reported in the preserved relaciones de causas[115] Executions in persona reported in the preserved relaciones de causas[115] Executions in effigie reported in the preserved relaciones de causas[115]
                          Barcelona 94 3047 37 27
                          Navarre 130 4296 85 59
                          Majorca 96 1260 37 25
                          Sardinia 49 767 8 2
                          Zaragoza 126 5967 200 19
                          Sicily 101 3188 25 25
                          Valencia 128 4540 78 75
                          Cartagena (established 1610) 62 699 3 1
                          Lima (established 1570) 92 1176 30 16
                          Mexico (established 1570) 52 950 17 42
                          Aragonese Secretariat (total) 930 25890 520 291
                          Canaries 66 695 1 78
                          Córdoba 28 883 8 26
                          Cuenca 0 0 0 0
                          Galicia (established 1560) 83 2203 19 44
                          Granada 79 4157 33 102
                          Llerena 84 2851 47 89
                          Murcia 66 1735 56 20
                          Seville 58 1962 96 67
                          Toledo (incl. Madrid) 108 3740 40 53
                          Valladolid 29 558 6 8
                          Castilian Secretariat (total) 601 18784 306 487
                          Total 1531 44674 826 778
                          The actual numbers, as far as they can be reconstructed from the available sources, are following:

                          Tribunal Estimated number of all trials in the period 1540–1700[116] The number of executions in persona in the period 1540–1700[117]
                          Barcelona ~5000 53[118]
                          Navarre ~5200 90[118]
                          Majorca ~2100 38[119]
                          Sardinia ~2700 At least 8
                          Zaragoza ~7600 250[118]
                          Sicily ~6400 52[118]
                          Valencia ~5700 At least 93[118]
                          Cartagena (established 1610) ~1100 At least 3
                          Lima (established 1570) ~2200 31[120]
                          Mexico (established 1570) ~2400 47[121]
                          Aragonese Secretariat (total) ~40000 At least 665
                          Canaries ~1500 3[122]
                          Córdoba ~5000 At least 27[123]
                          Cuenca 5202[124] At least 34[125]
                          Galicia (established 1560) ~2700 17[126]
                          Granada ~8100 At least 72[127]
                          Llerena ~5200 At least 47
                          Murcia ~4300 At least 190[128]
                          Seville ~6700 At least 128[129]
                          Toledo (incl. Madrid) ~5500 At least 66[130]
                          Valladolid ~3000 At least 54[131]
                          Castilian Secretariat (total) ~47000 At least 638
                          Total ~87000 At least 1303
                          Autos da fe between 1701 and 1746 Edit
                          Table of sentences pronounced in the public autos da fe in Spain (excluding tribunals in Sicily, Sardinia and Latin America) between 1701 and 1746:[132]

                          Tribunal Number of autos da fe Executions in persona Executions in effigie Penanced Total
                          Barcelona 8 1 1 15 17
                          Logroño 1 1 0 0? 1?
                          Palma de Mallorca 3 0 0 11 11
                          Saragossa 1 0 0 3 3
                          Valencia 4 2 0 49 51
                          Las Palmas 0 0 0 0 0
                          Córdoba 13 17 19 125 161
                          Cuenca 7 7 10 35 52
                          Santiago de Compostela 4 0 0 13 13
                          Granada 15 36 47 369 452
                          Llerena 5 1 0 45 46
                          Madrid 4 11 13 46 70
                          Murcia 6 4 1 106 111
                          Seville 15 16 10 220 246
                          Toledo 33 6 14 128 148
                          Valladolid 10 9 2 70 81
                          Total 125 111 117 1235 1463
                          Historiography Edit

                          How historians and commentators have viewed the Spanish Inquisition has changed over time, and continues to be a source of controversy to this day. Before and during the 19th century historical interest focused on who was being persecuted. In the early and mid 20th century historians examined the specifics of what happened and how it influenced Spanish history. In the later 20th and 21st century, historians have re-examined how severe the Inquisition really was, calling into question some of the conclusions made earlier in the 20th century. The "Black Legend", a term associated with scholar Julian Juderias, developed significantly, in his view, from the approach of considering the Inquisition's persecutions.[133]

                          19th to early 20th century scholarship Edit
                          Before the rise of professional historians in the 19th century, the Spanish Inquisition had largely been studied and portrayed by Protestant scholars who saw it as the archetypal symbol of Catholic intolerance and ecclesiastical power.[134] The Spanish Inquisition for them was largely associated with the persecution of Protestants.[134] The 19th-century professional historians, including the Spanish scholar Amador de los Rios, were the first to challenge this perception and look seriously at the role of Jews and Muslims.[134]

                          At the start of the 20th century Henry Charles Lea published the groundbreaking History of the Inquisition in Spain. This influential work saw the Spanish Inquisition as "an engine of immense power, constantly applied for the furtherance of obscurantism, the repression of thought, the exclusion of foreign ideas and the obstruction of progress."[134] Lea documented the Inquisition's methods and modes of operation in no uncertain terms, calling it "theocratic absolutism" at its worst.[134] In the context of the polarization between Protestants and Catholics during the second half of the 19th century,[135] some of Lea's contemporaries, as well as most modern scholars thought Lea's work had an anti-Catholic bias.[135][136] William H. Prescott, the Boston historian, likened the Inquisition to an "eye that never slumbered".

                          Starting in the 1920s, Jewish scholars picked up where Lea's work left off.[134] They published Yitzhak Baer's History of the Jews in Christian Spain, Cecil Roth's History of the Marranos and, after World War II, the work of Haim Beinart, who for the first time published trial transcripts of cases involving conversos.

                          Revision after 1960 Edit
                          Main article: Historical revision of the Inquisition
                          One of the first books to challenge the classical view was The Spanish Inquisition (1965) by Henry Kamen. Kamen argued that the Inquisition was not nearly as cruel or as powerful as commonly believed. The book was very influential and largely responsible for subsequent studies in the 1970s to try to quantify (from archival records) the Inquisition's activities from 1480 to 1834.[137] Those studies showed there was an initial burst of activity against conversos suspected of relapsing into Judaism, and a mid-16th century pursuit of Protestants, but the Inquisition served principally as a forum Spaniards occasionally used to humiliate and punish people they did not like: blasphemers, bigamists, foreigners and, in Aragon, homosexuals and horse smugglers.[134] Kamen went on to publish two more books in 1985 and 2006 that incorporated new findings, further supporting the view that the Inquisition was not as bad as once described by Lea and others. Along similar lines is Edward Peters's Inquisition (1988).

                          One of the most important works in challenging traditional views of the Inquisition as it related to the Jewish conversos or New Christians, is The Origins of the Inquisition in Fifteenth Century Spain (1995/2002) by Benzion Netanyahu. It challenges the view that most conversos were actually practicing Judaism in secret and were persecuted for their crypto-Judaism. Rather, according to Netanyahu, the persecution was fundamentally racial, and was a matter of envy of their success in Spanish society.[138]

                          Historian Thomas Madden has written about popular myths of the Inquisition.[139]

                          In popular culture Edit


                          The Inquisition Tribunal as illustrated by Francisco de Goya
                          Literature Edit
                          The literature of the 18th century approaches the theme of the Inquisition from a critical point of view. In Candide by Voltaire, the Inquisition appears as the epitome of intolerance and arbitrary justice in Europe.

                          During the Romantic Period, the Gothic novel, which was primarily a genre developed in Protestant countries, frequently associated Catholicism with terror and repression. This vision of the Spanish Inquisition appears in, among other works, The Monk (1796) by Matthew Gregory Lewis (set in Madrid during the Inquisition, but can be seen as commenting on the French Revolution and the Terror); in Melmoth the Wanderer (1820) by Charles Robert Maturin and in The Manuscript Found in Saragossa by Polish author Jan Potocki.

                          19th-century literature tends to focus on the element of torture employed by the Inquisition. In France, in the early 19th century, the epistolary novel Cornelia Bororquia, or the Victim of the Inquisition, which has been attributed to Spaniard Luiz Gutiérrez, ferociously criticizes the Inquisition and its representatives. The Inquisition also appears in one of the chapters of the novel The Brothers Karamazov (1880) by Fyodor Dostoyevsky, which imagines an encounter between Jesus and the Inquisitor General. One of the best known stories of Edgar Allan Poe, "The Pit and the Pendulum", explores along the same lines the use of torture by the Inquisition.


                          There was no remedy, from Los Caprichos, 1797–98, by Francisco de Goya.
                          The Inquisition also appears in 20th-century literature. La Gesta del Marrano, by the Argentine author Marcos Aguinis, portrays the length of the Inquisition's arm to reach people in Argentina during the 16th and 17th centuries. The Marvel Comics series Marvel 1602 shows the Inquisition targeting Mutants for "blasphemy". The character Magneto also appears as the Grand Inquisitor. The Captain Alatriste novels by the Spanish writer Arturo Pérez-Reverte are set in the early 17th century. The second novel, Purity of Blood, has the narrator being tortured by the Inquisition and describes an auto-da-fé. Carme Riera's novella, published in 1994, Dins el Darrer Blau (In the Last Blue) is set during the repression of the chuetas (conversos from Majorca) at the end of the 17th century. In 1998, the Spanish writer Miguel Delibes published the historical novel The Heretic, about the Protestants of Valladolid and their repression by the Inquisition. Samuel Shellabarger's Captain from Castile deals directly with the Spanish Inquisition during the first part of the novel.

                          Film Edit
                          The 1947 epic Captain from Castile by Darryl F. Zanuck, starring Tyrone Power, uses The Inquisition as the major plot point of the film. It tells how powerful families used its evils to ruin their rivals. The first part of the film shows this and the reach of the Inquisition reoccurs throughout this movie following Pedro De Vargas (played by Power) even to the 'New World'.
                          In both the stage (1965) and film (1972) versions of the musical play Man of La Mancha, Miguel de Cervantes is arrested by the Spanish Inquisition and thrown into a dungeon, in which he and the other prisoners perform the story of Don Quixote. At the end of the musical, he and his manservant are escorted by the Inquisition to their trial.
                          The Spanish Inquisition segment of the 1981 Mel Brooks movie The History of the World Part 1 is a comedic musical performance based on the activities of the first Inquisitor General of Spain, Tomás de Torquemada.
                          The film The Fountain (2006) by Darren Aronofsky, features the Spanish Inquisition as part of a plot in 1500 when the Grand Inquisitor threatens Queen Isabella's life.
                          Goya's Ghosts (2006) by Miloš Forman is set in Spain between 1792 and 1809 and focuses realistically on the role of the Inquisition and its end under Napoleon's rule.
                          Theatre, music, television, and video games Edit
                          The Grand Inquisitor of Spain plays a part in Don Carlos, (1867) a play by Friedrich Schiller (which was the basis for the opera in five acts by Giuseppe Verdi, in which the Inquisitor is also featured, and the third act is dedicated to an auto-da-fé).
                          In the Monty Python comedy team's Spanish Inquisition sketch, an inept Inquisitor repeatedly bursts into scenes after someone utters the words "I didn't expect the Spanish Inquisition", screaming "Nobody expects the Spanish Inquisition!" The Inquisition then uses ineffectual forms of torture, including a dish-drying rack, soft cushions and a comfy chair.
                          The Spanish Inquisition features as a main plot line element of the 2009 video game Assassin's Creed II: Discovery.
                          See also Edit

                          Black Legend of the Spanish Inquisition
                          Cardinal Ximenes
                          Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith
                          Death by burning
                          Goa Inquisition
                          List of Grand Inquisitors of Spain
                          Historical revision of the Inquisition
                          History of the Jews in Spain
                          Holy Child of La Guardia
                          Inquisition
                          Medieval Inquisition
                          Mexican Inquisition
                          Persecution of Christians
                          Persecution of Muslims
                          Peruvian Inquisition
                          Portuguese Inquisition
                          Roman Inquisition
                          The Spanish Inquisition (Monty Python)
                          References Edit

                          Notes Edit
                          ^ Kamen (1998), p. 4
                          ^ Rabbi Isaac ben Sheshet Perfet, in his Responsa, treats mainly on the status of Jews (Anūsim) who were compelled to hide their religion in face of persecution in responsa no's. 6, 11, 12 and 14 of Questions and Responsa of Ben Sheshet, Vilnius 1879, pages 13, 15 and 16 in PDF (Hebrew); On Rabbi Isaac ben Sheshet’s own forced conversion, see: Isaac ben Sheshet Perfet, Encyclopaedia Judaica (ed. Michael Berenbaum and Fred Skolnik), vol. 10, 2nd ed., Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA, 2007, p. 49.
                          ^ Gedaliah Ibn Yechia, Shalshelet Ha-Kabbalah Jerusalem 1962, pp. רסז – רסח , in PDF pp. 276–278 (Hebrew)
                          ^ Abraham Zacuto, Sefer Yuchasin, Cracow 1580 (q.v. Sefer Yuchasin, pp. 265-266 in PDF)
                          ^ Ibn Verga, Salomón (1992). Sheveṭ Yehudah [The Sceptre of Judah] (in Hebrew). B’nei Issachar Institute: Jerusalem.; Solomon ibn Verga, Shevaṭ Yehudah (The Sceptre of Judah), Lvov 1846, p. 76 in PDF)
                          ^ Printed in the book Shevaṭ Yehudah by Solomon ibn Verga (ed. Dr. M. Wiener), Hannover 1855, pp. 128 – 130, or pp. 138 - 140 in PDF, and which history concerns only the year 1391, although the Gregorian date mentioned here is represented in his account by two dates in the Anno Mundi counting, i.e. 5,152 and 5,151, owing to the change of the Hebrew year in the Fall of that same year. For English translation, see: Fritz Kobler, Letters of the Jews through the Ages, London 1952, pp. 272–75.
                          ^ a b Letter of Hasdai Crescas, Shevaṭ Yehudah by Solomon ibn Verga (ed. Dr. M. Wiener), Hannover 1855, pp. 128 – 130, or pp. 138 - 140 in PDF; Fritz Kobler, Letters of the Jews through the Ages, London 1952, pp. 272–75; Mitre Fernández, Emilio (1994). Secretariado de Publicaciones e Intercambio Editorial, ed. Los judíos de Castilla en tiempo de Enrique III : el pogrom de 1391 [The Castilian Jews at the time of Henry III: the 1391 pogrom] (in Spanish). Valladolid University. ISBN 84-7762-449-6.; Solomon ibn Verga, Shevaṭ Yehudah (The Sceptre of Judah), Lvov 1846, p. 76 in PDF.
                          ^ Letter from Hasdai Crescas to the congregations of Avignon, published as an appendix to Wiener's edition of Shevaṭ Yehudah of Solomon ibn Verga, in which he names the Jewish communities affected by the persecution of 1391. See pages 138 – 140 in PDF (Hebrew); Fritz Kobler, Letters of the Jews through the Ages, London 1952, pp. 272–75.
                          ^ Solomon ibn Verga, Shevaṭ Yehudah (The Sceptre of Judah), Lvov 1846, pp. 41 (end) – 42 in PDF); Kamen (1998), p. 17. Kamen cites approximate numbers for Valencia (250) and Barcelona (400), but no solid data about Córdoba.
                          ^ According to Gedaliah Ibn Yechia, these disturbances were caused by a malicious report spread about the Jews. See: Gedaliah Ibn Yechia, Shalshelet Ha-Kabbalah Jerusalem 1962, p. רסח, in PDF p. 277 (top) (Hebrew); Solomon ibn Verga, Shevat Yehudah, Lvov 1846 (p. 76 in PDF) (Hebrew).
                          ^ Abraham Zacuto, Sefer Yuchasin, Cracow 1580 (q.v. Sefer Yuchasin, p. 266 in PDF) (Hebrew).
                          ^ Raymond of Peñafort, Summa, lib. 1 p.33, citing D.45 c.5.
                          ^ Kamen (1998), p. 10
                          ^ Notably Bishop Pablo de Santa Maria, author of Scrutinium Scripturarum, Jeronimo de Santa Fe (Hebraomastix) and Pedro de la Caballeria (Zelus Christi contra Judaeos). All three were conversos. (Kamen (1998), p. 39).
                          ^ Notably the Libro verde de Aragon and Tizón de la nobleza de España (cited in Kamen (1998), p. 38).
                          ^ The terms converso and crypto-Jew are somewhat vexed, and occasionally historians are not clear on how, precisely, they are intended to be understood. For the purpose of clarity, in this article converso will be taken to mean one who has sincerely renounced Judaism or Islam and embraced Catholicism. Crypto-Jew will be taken to mean one who accepts Christian baptism, yet continues to practice Judaism.
                          ^ Cited in Kamen (1998), p. 49
                          ^ Ben-Sasson, H.H., editor. 1976. p. 588.
                          ^ Kamen (1998), pp. 49–50
                          ^ Archbishop Arnold H. Mathew, The Life and Times of Rodrigo Borgia, p. 52-53. Quote: "Isabella's Confessor, Torquemada, had imbued her with the idea that the suppression of all heresy within her realms was a sacred duty. She had, therefore, in November 1478, obtained a bull from the Pope, Sixtus IV., for the establishment of the Inquisition in Castile. Many modern writers have sought to reduce her share in the introduction of this terrible institution, but it must be remembered that Isabella herself probably considered it a meritorious action to punish with inhuman barbarity those whom she looked upon as the enemies of the Almighty. In 1480, two Dominicans were appointed by her, as Inquisitors, to set up their tribunal at Seville. Before the end of the year 1481, 2,000 victims were burned alive in Andalusia alone. The Pope himself became alarmed and threatened to withdraw the bull, but Ferdinand intimated that he would make the Inquisition altogether an independent tribunal. This it became later for all practical purposes, and its iniquitous proceedings continued unchecked."
                          ^ Ben-Sasson, H.H., editor. A History of the Jewish People. Harvard University Press, 1976, pp. 588-590.
                          ^ Kamen (1998), p. 157
                          ^ Kamen (1998), p. 60
                          ^ quoted in Kamen (1998), p. 20
                          ^ Kamen (1998), pp. 29–31
                          ^ Kamen (1998), p. 24
                          ^ Murphy, Cullen (2012). God's jury : the Inquisition and the making of the modern world. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 75. ISBN 978-0-618-09156-0. For example, there is historical, cultural and genetic reason to believe that Iberian Jews settled in New Mexico, a 75-day journey north of Mexico City (pp 161-163). The only remaining historical records of the place and time is in the archives of the Inquisition.
                          ^ Kamen (2014), p. 369
                          ^ Kamen (2014), p. 370
                          ^ S.P. Scott: History, Vol II, p. 259.
                          ^ Simplified: Many Moors were "converted" rudely, baptized by force with a wet broom, without religious instruction or record keeping. Absent records, the Inquisition decreed that all Moors were to be regarded as baptized and thus were Moriscos subject to the Inquisition. Secular authorities then decreed (in 1526) that 40 years of religious instruction would precede any prosecution. Fifty Moriscos were burnt at the stake before the Crown clarified its position. Neither the Church nor the Moriscos utilized the years well. The Moriscos can be stereotyped as poor, rural, uneducated agricultural workers who spoke Arabic. The Church had limited willingness or ability to educate this now-hostile group.Green (2007), pp. 124-127
                          ^ Kamen (1998), p. 222
                          ^ Kamen (1998), p. 217
                          ^ Kamen (1998), p. 225
                          ^ Lea (1901), p. 308
                          ^ Lea (1901), p. 345
                          ^ Lea (1901), p. 375
                          ^ The Genetic Legacy of Religious Diversity and Intolerance: Paternal Lineages of Christians, Jews, and Muslims in the Iberian Peninsula, Adams et al. 2008.
                          ^ Flores, Carlos; Maca-Meyer, Nicole; González, Ana M; Oefner, Peter J; Shen, Peidong; Pérez, Jose A; Rojas, Antonio; Larruga, Jose M; Underhill, Peter A (2004). "Reduced genetic structure of the Iberian peninsula revealed by Y-chromosome analysis: Implications for population demography". European Journal of Human Genetics 12 (10): 855–63. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201225. PMID 15280900.
                          ^ González, AM; Brehm, A; Pérez, JA; Maca-Meyer, N; Flores, C; Cabrera, VM (2003). "Mitochondrial DNA affinities at the Atlantic fringe of Europe". American Journal of Physical Anthropology 120 (4): 391–404. doi:10.1002/ajpa.10168. PMID 12627534.
                          ^ Giacomo, F.; Luca, F.; Popa, L. O.; Akar, N.; Anagnou, N.; Banyko, J.; Brdicka, R.; Barbujani, G.; et al. (2004). "Y chromosomal haplogroup J as a signature of the post-neolithic colonization of Europe". Human Genetics 115 (5): 357–71. doi:10.1007/s00439-004-1168-9. PMID 15322918.
                          ^ Sutton, WK; Knight, A; Underhill, PA; Neulander, JS; Disotell, TR; Mountain, JL (2006). "Toward resolution of the debate regarding purported crypto-Jews in a Spanish-American population: evidence from the Y chromosome". Annals of Human Biology 33 (1): 100–11. doi:10.1080/03014460500475870. PMID 16500815.
                          ^ Zalloua, Pierre A.; Platt, Daniel E.; El Sibai, Mirvat; Khalife, Jade; Makhoul, Nadine; Haber, Marc; Xue, Yali; Izaabel, Hassan; et al. (2008). "Identifying Genetic Traces of Historical Expansions: Phoenician Footprints in the Mediterranean". The American Journal of Human Genetics 83 (5): 633–42. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.10.012. PMC 2668035. PMID 18976729.
                          ^ "Despite alternative possible sources for lineages ascribed a Sephardic Jewish origin", [1]
                          ^ "La cifra de los sefardíes puede estar sobreestimada, ya que en estos genes hay mucha diversidad y quizá absorbieron otros genes de Oriente Medio" ("The Sephardic result may be overestimated, since there is much diversity in those genes and maybe absorbed other genes from the Middle East"). ¿Pone en duda Calafell la validez de los tests de ancestros? "Están bien para los americanos, nosotros ya sabemos de dónde venimos" (Puts Calafell in doubt the validity of ancestry tests? "They can be good for the Americans, we already know from where we come from). " [2]
                          ^ "We think it might be an over estimate" "The genetic makeup of Sephardic Jews is probably common to other Middle Eastern populations, such as the Phoenicians, that also settled the Iberian Peninsula, Calafell says. "In our study, that would have all fallen under the Jewish label."" http://www.sciencenews.org/view/gene...,_Jewish_genes
                          ^ "El doctor Calafell matiza que (...) los marcadores genéticos usados para distinguir a la población con ancestros sefardíes pueden producir distorsiones". "ese 20% de españoles que el estudio señala como descendientes de sefardíes podrían haber heredado ese rasgo de movimiento más antiguos, como el de los fenicios o, incluso, primeros pobladores neolíticos hace miles de años." "Dr. Calafell clarifies that (...) the genetic markers used to distinguish the population with Sephardim ancestry may produce distortions. The 20% of Spaniards that are identified as having Sephardim ancestry in the study could have inherited that same marker from older movements like the Phoenicians, or even the first Neolithic settlers thousands of years ago" http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2008/12/04/ciencia/.html
                          ^ Spanish Inquisition left genetic legacy in Iberia , New Scientist, December 4, 2008.
                          ^ Capelli, Cristian; Onofri, Valerio; Brisighelli, Francesca; Boschi, Ilaria; Scarnicci, Francesca; Masullo, Mara; Ferri, Gianmarco; Tofanelli, Sergio; et al. (2009). "Moors and Saracens in Europe: Estimating the medieval North African male legacy in southern Europe". European Journal of Human Genetics 17 (6): 848–52. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2008.258. PMC 2947089. PMID 19156170.
                          ^ Kamen (2014), p. 100
                          ^ Kamen (2014), p. 94
                          ^ Kamen (2014), p. 126
                          ^ Kamen (2014), p. 98
                          ^ Kamen (2014), p. 97
                          ^ These trials, specifically those of Valladolid, form the basis of the plot of The Heretic: A novel of the Inquisition by Miguel Delibes (Overlook: 2006).
                          ^ Kamen (1998), p. 99 gives the figure of about 100 executions for heresy of any kind between 1559 and 1566. He compares these figures with those condemned to death in other European countries during the same period, concluding that in similar periods England, under Mary Tudor, executed about twice as many for heresy: in France, three times the number, and ten times as many in the Low Countries.
                          ^ Kamen (2014), pp. 102-108
                          ^ Kamen (1998), p. 98
                          ^ Kamen (1998), pp. 99–100
                          ^ Johnson, Paul, A History of Christianity, Penguin, London 1976.
                          ^ Kamen (2005), pp. 126–130
                          ^ These trials are the theme of the film Akelarre, by the Spanish director Pedro Olea.
                          ^ Cited in Henningsen, Gustav, ed. The Salazar Documents: Inquisitor Alonso de Salazar Frías and Others on the Basque Witch Persecution. Vol 21, Cultures, Beliefs, and Traditions: Medieval and Early Modern Peoples. Boston: Koninklijke Brill, 2004. Second Report of Salazar to the Inquisitor General (Logroño, 24 March 1612): An account of the whole visitation and publication of the Edict with special reference to the witches' sect, 352.
                          ^ Green (2007), pp. 223-224
                          ^ Green (2007), p. 296
                          ^ Green (2007), p. 298 Five to seven years in Portugal.
                          ^ Statistics are not available for Spanish oarsmen, but the general state of Mediterranean oared galleys circa 1570 was grim. "... galley slaves led lives bitter and short." "One way or another the oared galley consumed men like fuel. Each dying wretch dumped overboard had to be replaced - and there were never enough."Crowley, Roger (2009). Empires of the sea : the siege of Malta, the battle of Lepanto, and the contest for the center of the world. New York: Random House Trade Paperbacks. pp. 77–78. ISBN 978-0-8129-7764-6.
                          ^ Kamen (1998), p. 259
                          ^ Detailed account of repressions against "sodomy", related statistics and the profiles of defendants in Monter, Frontiers of Heresy, pp. 276-299.
                          ^ Green (2007), p. 320
                          ^ a b William R. Denslow, Harry S. Truman: 10,000 Famous Freemasons, ISBN 1-4179-7579-2.
                          ^ Henningsen, Gustav: The Spanish Inquisition and the Inquisitorial Mind, p. 220.
                          ^ García Cárcel (1976), p. 21
                          ^ Kamen (1998), p. 141
                          ^ In Sicily, the Inquisition functioned until 30 March 1782, when it was abolished by King Ferdinand IV of Naples. It is estimated that 200 people were executed during this period.
                          ^ García Cárcel (1976), p. 24
                          ^ Cited in Kamen (1998), p. 151
                          ^ Kamen (1998), p. 57
                          ^ Kamen (1998), p. 174
                          ^ Though over the course of the trial, their identities likely became apparent.
                          ^ "In the tribunal of Valladolid, in 1699, various suspects (including a girl of 9 and a boy of 14) were jailed for up to two years with having had the least evaluation of the accusations presented against them" (Kamen (1998), p. 180).
                          ^ Walsh, Thomas William, Characters of the Inquisition, P.J. Kennedy & Sons, 1940, p. 163.
                          ^ H. C. Lea, III, p. 33, Cited in Kamen (1998), p. 185. García Cárcel (1976), p. 43 finds the same statistics.
                          ^ a b c Kamen (1998), p. 190
                          ^ a b c Haliczer, Stephen, Inquisition and society in the kingdom of Valencia, 1478-1834, p. 79, University of California Press, 1990
                          ^ by Peters, Edward, Inquisition, Dissent, Heterodoxy and the Medieval Inquisitional Office, pp. 92-93, University of California Press (1989), ISBN 0-520-06630-8.
                          ^ Kamen (1998), p. 189
                          ^ Sabatini, Rafael, Torquemada and the Spanish Inquisition: A History, p. 190, Kessinger Publishing (2003), ISBN 0-7661-3161-0.
                          ^ Scott, George Ryley, The History of Torture Throughout the Ages, p. 172, Columbia University Press (2003) ISBN 0-7103-0837-X.
                          ^ Carrol. James, Constantine's Sword: The Church and the Jews: A History, p. 356, Houghton Mifflin Books (2002), ISBN 0-618-21908-0.
                          ^ Peters, Edward, Inquisition, Dissent, Heterodoxy and the Medieval Inquisitional Office, p. 65, University of California Press (1989), ISBN 0-520-06630-8.
                          ^ García Cárcel (1976), p. 39
                          ^ Kamen (1998), pp. 192–213
                          ^ Stavans 2005:xxxiv.
                          ^ Cited in Elorza, La Inquisición y el pensamiento ilustrado. Historia 16. Especial 10º Aniversario La Inquisición; p. 81.
                          ^ Members of the government and the Council of Castile, as well as other members close to the court, obtained special authorization for books purchased in France, the Low Countries or Germany to cross the border without inspection by members of the Holy Office. This practice grew beginning with the reign of Charles III.
                          ^ Elorza, La Inquisición y el pensamiento ilustrado. p. 84.
                          ^ The argument presented in the periodicals and other works circulating in Spain were virtually exact copies of the reflections of Montesquieu or Rousseau, translated into Spanish.
                          ^ Church properties, in general, and those of the Holy Office in particular, occupied large tracts of today's Castile and León, Extremadura and Andalucia. The properties were given under feudal terms to farmers or to localities who used them as community property with many restrictions, owing a part of the rent, generally in cash, to the church.
                          ^ Elorza, La Inquisición y el Pensamiento Ilustrado. Historia 16. Especial 10º Aniversario La Inquisición; pg. 88
                          ^ See Antonio Puigblanch, La Inquisición sin máscara, Cádiz, 1811–1813.
                          ^ Kamen (2014), p. 382
                          ^ Historians have different interpretations. One argument is that during the Ominous Decade, the Inquisition was re-established- because of a statement made by King Alphonso upon a visit to the Vatican that he would reintroduce it if the occasion arose, but the Royal Decree that would have abolished the order of the Trienio Liberal was never approved, or at least, never published. The formal abolition under the regency of Maria Cristina was thus nothing more than a ratification of the abolition of 1820.
                          ^ Kamen (2014), pp. 372-373
                          ^ 1492 Ban on Jews Is Voided by Spain– The New York Times, 17 December 1968
                          ^ Anderson, James Maxwell. Daily Life during the Spanish Inquisition. Greenwood Press, 2002. ISBN 0-313-31667-8.
                          ^ Kamen (1998), p. 150
                          ^ this is roughly comparable with the number of people executed for witchcraft in Europe during about the same time span as the Inquisition (estimated at c. 40,000–60,000, i.e. roughly ten times higher in a territory with a population roughly ten times higher). Data for executions for witchcraft: Levack, Brian P. (1995). The Witch Hunt in Early Modern Europe (Second Edition). London and New York: Longman, and see Witch trials in Early Modern Europe for more detail.
                          ^ For full account see: Gustav Henningsen, The Database of the Spanish Inquisition. The relaciones de causas project revisited, in: Heinz Mohnhaupt, Dieter Simon, Vorträge zur Justizforschung, Vittorio Klostermann, 1992, pp. 43-85.
                          ^ W. Monter, Frontiers of Heresy: The Spanish Inquisition from the Basque Lands to Sicily, Cambridge 2003, p. 53.
                          ^ Jean-Pierre Dedieu, Los Cuatro Tiempos, in Bartolomé Benassar, Inquisición Española: poder político y control social, pp. 15-39.
                          ^ García Cárcel (1976)
                          ^ Kamen (2005), p. 15
                          ^ Henningsen, The Database of the Spanish Inquisition, p. 84.
                          ^ a b c Henningsen, The Database of the Spanish Inquisition, p. 58.
                          ^ Henningsen, The Database of the Spanish Inquisition, p. 84. Numbers in the table are given in approximation.
                          ^ Data for the Aragonese Secretariat are probably complete, some small lacunae may concern only Valencia and possibly Sardinia and Cartagena, but the numbers for Castilian Secretariat - except Canaries and Galicia - should be considered as minimal due to gaps in the documentation. In some cases it is remarked that the number does not concern the whole period 1540–1700.
                          ^ a b c d e W. Monter, Frontiers of heresy, p. 327.
                          ^ W. Monter, pp. 309 i 329.
                          ^ Museo de la Inquisición y del Congreso.
                          ^ See H. Ch. Lea, The Inquisition in the Spanish Dependencies, London 1922, p. 204 ff. and The Catholic Encyclopedia: Mexico.
                          ^ Francisco Fajardo Spínola, La actividad procesal del Santo Oficio. Algunas consideraciones sobre su estudio, Manuscrits 17, 1999, p. 114.
                          ^ One burned in 1567 (E. Schäffer, Beiträge zur Geschichte des Spanischen Protestantismus, Bd. 2, Gütersloh 1902, p. 41-42), 13 in the period 1570–1625 (W. Monter, Frontiers of heresy, p. 48), 5 burned in 1627, another 5 burned in 1655 (Kamen (2005), p. 266) and 3 burned alive in 1665 (Miriam Bodian, Dying in the law of Moses: crypto-Jewish martyrdom in the Iberian world, Indiana University Press 2007, p. 219).
                          ^ cf. Henningsen, p. 68.
                          ^ Four burned between 1553 and 1558 (W. Monter, Frontiers of heresy, p. 37-38 n. 22), one in 1561 (W. Monter, Frontiers of heresy, p. 233), 19 others in the period 1570–1625 (W. Monter, Frontiers of heresy, p. 48) and 10 burned in 1654 (Heinrich Graetz, History of the Jews, Vol. V, 2009, p. 91).
                          ^ Two persons condemned to death in 1678 were burned in the auto da fe celebrated in Madrid in 1680 (H. Ch. Lea, History of the Inquisition of Spain, New York 1907, vol. III, p. 300). Therefore, they are included in the number of executions for Toledo/Madrid.
                          ^ This number includes 7 persons burned ca. 1545 (H. Ch. Lea, History of the Inquisition of Spain, New York 1907, vol. III, p. 189), 9 persons burned in 1550-52 (Flora García Ivars, La represión en el tribunal inquisitorial de Granada, 1550–1819, ed. Akal, 1991, p. 194), 14 persons burned in 1560s. (W. Monter, p. 44 i 233), 24 burned between 1570 and 1625 (W. Monter, p. 48), 12 burned in 1654 (Heinrich Graetz, History of the Jews, Vol. V, 2009, p. 92) and 6 burned in 1672 (A. J. Saraiva, H. P. Salomon, I. S. D. Sassoon: The Marrano Factory: The Portuguese Inquisition and Its New Christians 1536–1765. Leiden – Boston – Cologne: BRILL, 2001, p. 217 n. 62).
                          ^ 154 burned between 1557 and 1568 (J. L. Morales y Marin: El Alcazar de la Inquisicion en Murcia, s. 40), 11 executed in the period 1570–1625 (W. Monter, p. 48) and 25 between 1686 and 1699 (Consuelo Maqueda Abreu, El auto de fe, Madryt 1992, p. 97).
                          ^ This number includes 2 executions in the auto-da-fé in 1545 (W.Monter, Frontiers of heresy, p. 38), 114 executions in the autos da fe between 1559 and 1660 (Victoria González de Caldas, Judíos o cristianos?, Universidad de Sevilla, 2000, p. 528) and 12 executions in the autos da fe between 1666–1695 (Consuelo Maqueda Abreu, El auto de fe, Madrid 1992, pp. 99-100).
                          ^ 13 burned in the autos da fe between 1555 and 1569 (E. Schäffer, Beiträge zur Geschichte des Spanischen Protestantismus, Bd. 2, Gütersloh 1902, p. 79-91.), 25 burned between 1570 and 1625 (W. Monter, p. 48), 2 burned between 1648 and 1699 (H. Ch. Lea, A History of the Inquisition of Spain, vol. IV, New York 1907, p. 524; cf. Joaquín Pérez Villanueva & Bartolomé Escandell Bonet (ed.), Historia de la Inquisición en España y América, vol. 1, Madrid 1984, p. 1395), and 26 burned in two autos da fe in Madrid w 1632 and 1680 (H. Ch. Lea, A History of the Inquisition of Spain, vol. III, New York 1907, p. 228).
                          ^ This number includes 6 executions given by Henningsen and Contreras for the period 1620–1670 (Henningsen, The Database of the Spanish Inquisition, pp. 58 and 65), 26 burned in two famous autos-da-fé in 1559 (W.Monter, Frontiers of heresy, pp. 41 i 44),2 burned in 1561 (W. Monter, pp. 41, 44 i 233),15 burned between 1562 and 1567 (E. Schäffer, Beiträge zur Geschichte des Spanischen Protestantismus, Bd. 3, Gütersloh 1902, p. 131) and 5 burned in 1691 (H. Ch. Lea, History of the Inquisition of Spain, New York 1907, vol. III, p. 197).
                          ^ Source: Teofanes Egido, Las modificaciones de la tipologia: nueva estructura delictiva, in: Joaquín Pérez Villanueva & Bartolomé Escandell Bonet, Historia de la Inquisición en España y América, vol. 1, Madrid 1984, p. 1395.
                          ^ Juderías, Julián (2003; first edition 1914): La Leyenda Negra
                          ^ a b c d e f g "A Kinder, Gentler Inquisition", by Richard Kagan in the New York Times, 19 April 1998.
                          ^ a b "Henry Charles Lea Papers - Biographical Sketch". Univ. of Penn.-Penn Special Collections. January 11, 2003. Retrieved 2007-04-18.
                          ^ Van Hove, Brian (12 November 1996). "A New Industry: The Inquisition". Catholic.net. Archived from the original on 2007-04-05. Retrieved 2007-04-18.
                          ^ See for example Jean-Pierre Dedieu, Los Cuatro Tiempos, in Bartolomé Benassar, Inquisición Española: poder político y control social, pp. 15-39 and García Cárcel (1976)
                          ^ http://www.tabletmag.com/news-and-po...sonal-history/
                          ^ The Real Inquisition: investigating the popular myth by Thomas Madden (National Review, 18 June 2004)
                          Bibliography Edit
                          Revisionist books
                          Carroll, Warren H., Isabel: the Catholic Queen, Christendom Press (1991)
                          García Cárcel, Ricardo (1976). Orígenes de la Inquisición Española. El Tribunal de Valencia, 1478–1530. Barcelona.
                          Homza, Lu Ann, The Spanish Inquisition, 1478–1614, An Anthology of Sources, Hackett Publishing (2006)
                          Kamen, Henry (1998). The Spanish Inquisition: a Historical Revision. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-07522-9.
                          Kamen, Henry (2005). Inkwizycja Hiszpańska [The Spanish Inquisition] (in Polish). Warsaw: Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy. ISBN 978-83-06-02963-5.
                          Kamen, Henry (2014). The Spanish Inquisition: A Historical Revision. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-18051-0. Kamen has published 4 editions under 3 titles: "First edition published 1965 ... as The Spanish Inquisition. Second edition published 1985 ... as Inquisition and Society in Spain. Third edition published 1998 ... as The Spanish Inquisition: A Historical Revision. Fourth edition 2014."
                          Monter, William, Frontiers of Heresy: The Spanish Inquisition from the Basque Lands to Sicily, Cambridge University Press (1990)
                          Parker, Geoffrey (1982). "Some recent work on the Inquisition in Spain and Italy". Journal of Modern History 54 (3): 519–532. JSTOR 1906231.
                          Rawlings, Helen, The Spanish Inquisition, Blackwell Publishing (2006)
                          Seminal classical works
                          Henry Charles Lea, A History of the Inquisition of Spain (4 volumes), (New York and London, 1906–1907).
                          Lea, Henry Charles (1901). The Moriscos of Spain: Their Conversion and Expulsion. Philadelphia, PA: Lea Brothers and Co.
                          Juan Antonio Llorente, "Historia crítica de la Inquisición de España"
                          Ludwig von Pastor, History of the Popes from the Close of the Middle Ages; Drawn from the Secret Archives of the Vatican and other original sources, 40 vols. St. Louis, B.Herder 1898
                          Old scholarship
                          Antonio Puigblanch, La Inquisición sin máscara (Cádiz, 1811–1813). [The Inquisition Unmasked (London, 1816)]
                          William Thomas Walsh, Isabella of Spain (1930) and Characters of the Inquisition (1940). Both reprinted by TAN Books (1987).
                          Rafael Sabatini, Torquemada and the Spanish Inquisition (1913)
                          C. Roth, The Spanish Inquisition (1937)
                          C. Roth, History of the Marranos (1932)
                          A.S. Turberville, Medieval History and the Inquisition (1920)
                          A.S. Turberville, The Spanish Inquisition (1932).
                          Genaro García, La Inquisición de México (1906).
                          Genaro Garcia, Autos de fe de la Inquisición de Mexico (1910)
                          F. Garau, La Fee Triunfante (1691-reprinted 1931)
                          J.T. Medina, Historia de la Inquisicion de Lima; de Chile; le la Plata; de Cartagena de las Indias; en las islas Filipinas (6 volumes), (1887–1899)
                          V. Vignau, Catálogo... de la Inquisición de Toledo (1903)
                          J. Baker, History of the Inquisition (1736)
                          History of the Inquisition from its origin under Pope Innocent III till the present time. Also the private practices of the Inquisitors, the form of trial and modes of torture (1814)
                          J. Marchant, A Review of the Bloody Tribunal (1770)
                          E.N Adler, Autos de fe and the Jew (1908)
                          González de Montes, Discovery and Playne Declaration of Sundry Subtile Practices of the Holy Inquisition of Spayne
                          Ludovico a Paramo, De Origine et Progressu Sanctae Inquisitionis (1598)
                          J.M. Marín, Procedimientos de la Inquisición (2 volumes), (1886)
                          I. de las Cagigas, Libro Verde de Aragon (1929)
                          R. Cappa, La Inquisicion Espanola (1888)
                          A. Paz y Mellia, Catálogo Abreviado de Papeles de Inquisición (1914)
                          A.F.G. Bell, Luis de Leon (1925)
                          M. Jouve, Torquemada (1935)
                          Sir Alexander G. Cardew, A Short History of the Inquisition (1933)
                          G. G. Coulton, The Inquisition (1929)
                          Memoires Instructifs pour un Voyageur dans les Divers États de l'Europe (1738)
                          Ramon de Vilana Perlas, La verdadera práctica apostólica de el S. Tribunal de la Inquisición (1735)
                          H.B. Piazza, A Short and True Account of the Inquisition and its Proceeding (1722)
                          A.L. Maycock, The Inquisition (1926)
                          H. Nickerson, The Inquisition (1932)
                          Conde de Castellano, Un Complot Terrorista en el Siglo XV; los Comienzos de la Inquisicion Aragonesa, (1927)
                          Bernard Gui, Manuel de l'Inquisiteur, (1927)
                          L. Tanon, Histoire des Tribunaux de l'Inquisition (1893)
                          A.J. Texeira, Antonio Homem e a Inquisicao (1902)
                          A. Baiao, A Inquisiçao em Portugal e no Brasil (1921)
                          A. Herculano, Historia da Origem e Estabelecimento da Inquisiçao em Portugal (English translation, 1926)
                          Joseph de Maistre, Letters on the Spanish Inquisition (1822, composed 1815):— late defence of the Inquisition
                          Cornelius August Wilkens: Spanish Protestants in the Sixteenth Century (1897), 218p. read online at archive.org"Title Catalog". The Library of Iberian Resources. Retrieved 2006-05-17.
                          Other
                          Green, Toby (2007). Inquisition : the reign of fear. New York: Thomas Books. ISBN 978-0-312-53724-1.
                          Miranda Twiss, The Most Evil Men And Women In History (Michael O'Mara Books Ltd., 2002).
                          Simon Whitechapel, Flesh Inferno: Atrocities of Torquemada and the Spanish Inquisition (Creation Books, 2003).
                          External links Edit

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                          "To burn always with this hard gemlike flame, to maintain this ecstasy, is success in life."





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                          • #88

                            "To burn always with this hard gemlike flame, to maintain this ecstasy, is success in life."





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                            • #89
                              Did you just copy and paste an entire wiki page?
                              There are people today who think that admitting God’s absolute greatness decreases the value and importance of humans in the creation, as if God and mankind are rivals competing in greatness and power. Meanwhile I feel that whenever our perception of God’s greatness increases, with it we become greater, because we are the creation of a great God.

                              Sayyid Qutb

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                              • #90
                                I am pretending to be stupid. It's so ****ing tiring, I don't know if I am punishing myself or some Bengali *******. Anyways, I have to pay attention to my friends now.
                                Yes, I posted a Wikipedia article.


                                "To burn always with this hard gemlike flame, to maintain this ecstasy, is success in life."





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